Biofilm-associated infections and the lack of successful tissue integration of biomaterial surfaces are the two main barriers to the long-term service of implanted biomaterials. Development of novel biocompatible antimicrobial materials has provided insights into their potential biomedical applications. Many clinical studies have successfully proved that hydroxyapatite coating has excellent osteogenic activity but lacks antibacterial infection in the early stages after implantation. Rare earth (Re) elements have become promising antibacterial biocides and bone-forming effects. Antibacterial capacity of 14 rare earth elements (Eu, Gd, Ce, Nd, Y, La, Pr, Er, Sm, Ho, Tb, Yb, Lu, Dy) was assayed. The gadolinium (Gd) showed outstanding broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report Gd-HA coatings deposited on titanium (Ti) substrate by liquid thermal spraying. The grain size of Gd-HA decreased slightly after Gd3+ incorporation. The antibacterial properties of Gd-HA composite coatings were determined against Gram-negative pathogens Escherichia coli and Gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus epidermidis. The anti-infection performances were assessed by examining bacteria adhesion and biofilm formation on the coatings. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the Gd-doped HA coatings was further measured on human osteoblast cell line by CCK-8 method. The thermal sprayed HA-Re composite coatings show improved antimicrobial and biocompatible properties and great applicable potential in orthopedics.

中文翻译：

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新型热喷涂羟基磷灰石-稀土 (HA-Re) 涂层的开发，用于骨科潜在的抗菌应用

生物膜相关感染和生物材料表面缺乏成功的组织整合是植入生物材料长期服务的两个主要障碍。新型生物相容性抗菌材料的开发为其潜在的生物医学应用提供了见解。许多临床研究已成功证明羟基磷灰石涂层具有优异的成骨活性，但在植入后早期缺乏抗菌感染。稀土 (Re) 元素已成为有前途的抗菌杀菌剂和骨形成作用。测定了 14 种稀土元素（Eu、Gd、Ce、Nd、Y、La、Pr、Er、Sm、Ho、Tb、Yb、Lu、Dy）的抗菌能力。钆 (Gd) 对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阳性菌均表现出出色的广谱抗菌活性。这里，我们报告了通过液体热喷涂在钛 (Ti) 基材上沉积的 Gd-HA 涂层。Gd3+ 掺入后，Gd-HA 的晶粒尺寸略有减小。测定了 Gd-HA 复合涂层对革兰氏阴性病原体大肠杆菌和革兰氏阳性病原体表皮葡萄球菌的抗菌性能。通过检查涂层上的细菌粘附和生物膜形成来评估抗感染性能。通过CCK-8方法进一步测量了Gd掺杂的HA涂层对人成骨细胞系的体外细胞毒性。热喷涂的 HA-Re 复合涂层显示出改进的抗菌和生物相容性，以及在骨科领域的巨大应用潜力。Gd3+ 掺入后，Gd-HA 的晶粒尺寸略有减小。测定了 Gd-HA 复合涂层对革兰氏阴性病原体大肠杆菌和革兰氏阳性病原体表皮葡萄球菌的抗菌性能。通过检查涂层上的细菌粘附和生物膜形成来评估抗感染性能。通过CCK-8方法进一步测量了Gd掺杂的HA涂层对人成骨细胞系的体外细胞毒性。热喷涂的 HA-Re 复合涂层显示出改进的抗菌和生物相容性，以及在骨科领域的巨大应用潜力。Gd3+ 掺入后，Gd-HA 的晶粒尺寸略有减小。测定了 Gd-HA 复合涂层对革兰氏阴性病原体大肠杆菌和革兰氏阳性病原体表皮葡萄球菌的抗菌性能。通过检查涂层上的细菌粘附和生物膜形成来评估抗感染性能。通过CCK-8方法进一步测量了Gd掺杂的HA涂层对人成骨细胞系的体外细胞毒性。热喷涂的 HA-Re 复合涂层显示出改进的抗菌和生物相容性，以及在骨科领域的巨大应用潜力。通过检查涂层上的细菌粘附和生物膜形成来评估抗感染性能。通过CCK-8方法进一步测量了Gd掺杂的HA涂层对人成骨细胞系的体外细胞毒性。热喷涂的 HA-Re 复合涂层显示出改进的抗菌和生物相容性，以及在骨科领域的巨大应用潜力。通过检查涂层上的细菌粘附和生物膜形成来评估抗感染性能。通过CCK-8方法进一步测量了Gd掺杂的HA涂层对人成骨细胞系的体外细胞毒性。热喷涂的 HA-Re 复合涂层显示出改进的抗菌和生物相容性，以及在骨科领域的巨大应用潜力。