Wheat flour consumption may be a major source of human metal intake, especially when wheat is cultivated in metal-contaminated soils. This work investigated Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn distribution in whole wheat flour, wheat flour and wheat bran when grown in a Pb smelting polluted area. Wheat product heavy metal concentrations were analyzed and the (non)carcinogenic risks were assessed. Mean Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in whole wheat flour were 0.38, 3.83, 0.48 and 29.3 mg kg-1 , respectively, while those in flour were only slightly reduced. The ratios between non-carcinogenic average daily dose (ADD) of whole wheat flour and wheat flour consumption ranged from 1.06 to 3.76, with Pb having the greatest values compared to other metals. For children, the average hazard quotient (HQ) of whole wheat flour consumption of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were 4.19, 1.06, 1.53 and 1.07, while those for wheat flour consumption were 3.81, 0.68, 0.70 and 0.98, respectively. The HQ of adults were less than those of children. Overall results indicated that consumption of wheat products may lead to health concerns in the heavy metal contaminated area, yet when wheat flour rather than whole wheat flour is consumed, only the human health risk from Pb ingestion is reduced. Altering or removing human edible crops in the most contaminated areas should be considered. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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铅冶炼改变小麦面粉重金属浓度和健康风险

小麦粉消费可能是人类金属摄入量的主要来源，尤其是在受金属污染的土壤中种植小麦时。这项工作调查了生长在铅冶炼污染区的全麦粉、小麦粉和麦麸中 Cd、Cu、Pb 和 Zn 的分布。分析了小麦产品重金属浓度并评估了（非）致癌风险。全麦面粉中 Cd、Cu、Pb 和 Zn 的平均浓度分别为 0.38、3.83、0.48 和 29.3 mg kg-1，而面粉中的含量仅略有降低。全麦面粉的非致癌平均日剂量 (ADD) 与小麦面粉消费量之间的比率介于 1.06 至 3.76 之间，与其他金属相比，铅的值最大。对于儿童，全麦面粉摄入的 Cd、Cu、Pb 和 Zn 的平均危害商数 (HQ) 分别为 4.19、1.06、1.53 和 1.07，而小麦面粉消费的分别为 3.81、0.68、0.70 和 0.98。成人的总部少于儿童的总部。总体结果表明，在重金属污染地区食用小麦制品可能会导致健康问题，但当食用小麦粉而不是全麦面粉时，只会降低摄入铅对人体的健康风险。应考虑改变或移除污染最严重地区的人类食用作物。本文受版权保护。版权所有。然而，当食用小麦面粉而不是全麦面粉时，只会降低摄入铅对人体健康的风险。应考虑改变或移除污染最严重地区的人类食用作物。本文受版权保护。版权所有。然而，当食用小麦面粉而不是全麦面粉时，只会降低摄入铅对人体健康的风险。应考虑改变或移除污染最严重地区的人类食用作物。本文受版权保护。版权所有。