Biological monitoring is the evaluating changes in the environment using the biological responses with the intent of using such information in quality control of the ecosystem. Biomarkers and bioindicators are two main components of the hierarchy of biomonitoring process. Bioindicators can be used to monitor changes of ecosystems and to distinguish alteration of human impact from natural variability. There is a wide range of aquatic taxa such as macroinvertebrates, fish and periphyton, planktons which are successfully used in the biomonitoring process. Among them, macroinvertebrates are an important group of aquatic organisms that involves transferring energy and material through the trophic levels of the aquatic food chain and their sensitivity to environmental changes differs among the species. The main approaches of assessing freshwater ecosystems health using macroinvertebrates include measurement of diversity indices, biotic indices, multimetric approaches, multivariate approaches, Indices of Biological Integrity (IBI), and trait-based approaches. Among these, biotic indices and multimetric approaches are commonly used to evaluate the pesticide impacts on aquatic systems. Recently developed trait-based approaches such as SPEcies At Risk of pesticides (SPEAR) index was successfully applied in temperate regions to monitor the events of pesticide pollution of aquatic ecosystems but with limited use in tropics. This paper reviews the literature on different approaches of biomonitoring of the aquatic environment giving special reference to macroinvertebrates. It also reviews the literature on how biomonitoring could be used to monitor pesticide pollution of the aquatic environment. Thus the review aims to instil the importance of current approaches of biomonitoring for the conservation and management of aquatic ecosystems especially in the regions of the world where such knowledge has not been integrated in ecosystem conservation approaches.

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水生生态系统方法的生物监测综述：特别是大型无脊椎动物和农药污染

生物监测是使用生物反应评估环境变化，目的是将这些信息用于生态系统的质量控制。生物标志物和生物指标是生物监测过程层次结构的两个主要组成部分。生物指标可用于监测生态系统的变化，并将人类影响的改变与自然变异区分开来。有多种水生分类群，例如大型无脊椎动物、鱼类和附生生物、浮游生物，它们已成功用于生物监测过程。其中，大型无脊椎动物是重要的水生生物群，涉及通过水生食物链的营养级传递能量和物质，它们对环境变化的敏感性因物种而异。使用大型无脊椎动物评估淡水生态系统健康的主要方法包括测量多样性指数、生物指数、多指标方法、多变量方法、生物完整性指数 (IBI) 和基于特征的方法。其中，生物指数和多指标方法通常用于评估农药对水生系统的影响。最近开发的基于特征的方法，如农药风险物种 (SPEAR) 指数已成功应用于温带地区，以监测水生生态系统的农药污染事件，但在热带地区使用有限。本文回顾了有关水生环境生物监测的不同方法的文献，特别提到了大型无脊椎动物。它还回顾了关于如何使用生物监测来监测水生环境的农药污染的文献。因此，审查旨在灌输当前生物监测方法对保护和管理水生生态系统的重要性，特别是在世界上尚未将此类知识纳入生态系统保护方法的地区。