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Breakdown of the ideal free distribution under conditions of severe and low competition
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-19 , DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02949-3
Janja Sirovnik , Bernhard Voelkl , Linda Jane Keeling , Hanno Würbel , Michael Jeffrey Toscano

Abstract

Under the ideal free distribution (IFD), the number of organisms competing for a resource at different sites is proportional to the resource distribution among sites. The ideal free distribution of competitors in a heterogeneous environment often predicts habitat matching, where the relative number of individuals using any two patches matches the relative availability of resources in those same two patches. If a resource is scarce, access might be restricted to individuals with high resource holding potential, resulting in deviation from the IFD. The distribution of animals may also deviate from the IFD in the case of resource abundance, when social attraction or preference for specific locations rather than competition may determine distribution. While it was originally developed to explain habitat choice, we apply the habitat matching rule to microscale foraging decisions. We show that chickens feeding from two nondepleting feeders distribute proportionally to feeder space under intermediate levels of competition. However, chicken distribution between the feeders deviates from the IFD when feeder space is limited and competition high. Further, despite decreasing aggression with increasing feeder space, deviation from IFD is also observed under an excess supply of feeder space, indicating different mechanisms responsible for deviations from the IFD. Besides demonstrating IFD sensitivity to competition, these findings highlight IFD’s potential as a biological basis for determining minimal resource requirements in animal housing.

Significance statement

The ideal free distribution (IFD) predicts how animals ought to distribute themselves within a habitat in order to maximize their payoff. Recent studies, however, have questioned the validity of the IFD concept following anomalous results. We studied the IFD in chickens by systematically varying the amount and distribution of space at two feed troughs. We show that when tested over a sufficiently large range, the distribution of birds depends on the overall resource availability. Furthermore, behavioral data suggest that distinctly different mechanisms account for deviations from the IFD at shortage and excess supply of feeder space, respectively.



中文翻译:

在竞争激烈和竞争激烈的情况下,理想的自由分配的细分

摘要

在理想的自由分布(IFD)下,争夺不同地点资源的生物数量与地点之间的资源分配成比例。异构环境中竞争者的理想自由分布通常可以预测栖息地的匹配,其中使用任何两个补丁的个人相对数量与在相同两个补丁中的资源的相对可用性相匹配。如果资源稀缺,则访问权限可能仅限于具有高资源持有潜力的个人,从而导致偏离IFD。在资源丰富的情况下,当社会吸引力或对特定位置的偏好而不是竞争可能决定分布时,动物的分布也可能偏离IFD。它最初是用来解释栖息地选择的,我们将栖息地匹配规则应用于微观觅食决策。我们显示了在不竞争的中间水平下,从两个非消耗性喂食器喂食的鸡按比例分配到喂食器空间。但是,当饲喂器空间有限且竞争激烈时,饲喂器之间的鸡分布会偏离IFD。此外,尽管随着馈线空间的增加而降低了攻击性,但是在馈线空间的过量供应下也观察到了与IFD的偏离,这表明了造成与IFD偏离的不同机制。这些结果证明了IFD对竞争的敏感性,同时也突出了IFD作为确定动物住房中最低资源要求的生物学基础的潜力。我们显示了在不竞争的中间水平下,从两个非消耗性喂食器喂食的鸡按比例分配到喂食器空间。但是,当饲喂器空间有限且竞争激烈时,饲喂器之间的鸡分布会偏离IFD。此外,尽管随着馈线空间的增加而降低了攻击性,但是在馈线空间的过量供应下也观察到了与IFD的偏离,这表明了造成与IFD偏离的不同机制。这些结果证明了IFD对竞争的敏感性,同时也突出了IFD作为确定动物住房中最低资源要求的生物学基础的潜力。我们显示了在不竞争的中间水平下,从两个非消耗性喂食器喂食的鸡按比例分配到喂食器空间。但是,当饲喂器空间有限且竞争激烈时,饲喂器之间的鸡分布会偏离IFD。此外,尽管随着馈线空间的增加而降低了攻击性,但是在馈线空间的过量供应下也观察到了与IFD的偏离,这表明了造成与IFD偏离的不同机制。除了证明IFD对竞争的敏感性外,这些发现还突出了IFD作为确定动物住房最低资源要求的生物学基础的潜力。尽管随着进纸器空间的增加而减少了侵略性,但在进纸器空间供应过多的情况下,也观察到了与IFD的偏离,这表明造成IDF偏离的机制不同。这些结果证明了IFD对竞争的敏感性,同时也突出了IFD作为确定动物住房中最低资源要求的生物学基础的潜力。尽管随着进纸器空间的增加而减少了侵略性,但在进纸器空间供应过多的情况下,也观察到了与IFD的偏离,这表明造成IDF偏离的机制不同。这些结果证明了IFD对竞争的敏感性,同时也突出了IFD作为确定动物住房中最低资源要求的生物学基础的潜力。

重要性声明

理想的自由分布(IFD)可以预测动物应如何在栖息地内进行分布,以最大程度地提高收益。然而,最近的研究对异常结果之后的IFD概念的有效性提出了质疑。我们通过系统地改变两个饲料槽中空间的数量和分布来研究鸡的IFD。我们表明,在足够大的范围内进行测试时,鸟类的分布取决于整体资源的可用性。此外,行为数据表明,截然不同的机制分别解释了在馈线空间短缺和供应过多时与IFD的偏离。

更新日期:2021-01-19
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