Considering the well-documented impacts of land-use change on water resources and the rapid land-use conversions occurring throughout Africa, in this study, we conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of surface water quality and its relation with the land use and land cover (LULC) pattern in Mokopane, Limpopo province of South Africa. Various physico-chemical parameters were analyzed for surface water samples collected from five sampling locations from 2016 to 2020. Time-series analysis of key surface water quality parameters was performed to identify the essential hydrological processes governing water quality. The analyzed water quality data were also used to calculate the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and weighted water quality index (WQI). Also, the spatial trend of water quality is compared with LULC changes from 2015 to 2020. Results revealed that the concentration of most of the physico-chemical parameters in the water samples was beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted permissible limit, except for a few parameters in some locations. Based on the calculated values of HPI and HEI, water quality samples were categorized as low to moderately polluted water bodies, whereas all water samples fell under the poor category (>100) and beyond based on the calculated WQI. Looking precisely at the water quality’s temporal trend, it is found that most of the sampling shows a deteriorating trend from 2016 to 2019. However, the year 2020 shows a slightly improving trend on water quality, which can be justified by lowering human activities during the lockdown period imposed by COVID-19. Land use has a significant relationship with surface water quality, and it was evident that built-up land had a more significant negative impact on water quality than the other land use classes. Both natural processes (rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities (wastewater discharge, industrial activities etc.) were found to be playing a vital role in water quality evolution. This study suggests that continuous assessment and monitoring of the spatial and temporal variability of water quality in Limpopo is important to control pollution and health safety in the future.

中文翻译：

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南非林波波Mokopane地区地表水水质的时空分析

考虑到土地利用变化对水资源的充分记录的影响以及整个非洲发生的快速土地利用转换，在这项研究中，我们对地表水质量及其与土地利用和土地覆盖的关系进行了时空分析（LULC ）模式在南非林波波省Mokopane。分析了2016年至2020年从五个采样地点采集的地表水样品的各种理化参数。对关键地表水水质参数进行了时间序列分析，以确定控制水质的基本水文过程。分析的水质数据还用于计算重金属污染指数（HPI），重金属评估指数（HEI）和加权水质指数（WQI）。也，将水质的空间趋势与2015年至2020年的LULC变化进行了比较。结果显示，水样中大多数物理化学参数的浓度超出了世界卫生组织（WHO）所采用的允许限值，只有少数某些位置的参数。根据HPI和HEI的计算值，将水质样本分类为低至中度污染的水体，而根据计算出的WQI，所有水样本均属于较差类别（> 100）或更高。精确地查看水质的时间趋势，发现大多数采样显示2016年至2019年的趋势呈恶化趋势。但是，2020年水质的趋势略有改善，这可以通过减少人类活动期间的活动来证明。 COVID-19施加的锁定期。土地利用与地表水水质有着显着的关系，显然，建设用地对水质的负面影响比其他土地利用类别更为显着。人们发现自然过程（岩石风化）和人为活动（废水排放，工业活动等）在水质演变中都起着至关重要的作用。这项研究表明，持续评估和监测林波波水质的时空变化对今后控制污染和健康安全非常重要。人们发现自然过程（岩石风化）和人为活动（废水排放，工业活动等）在水质演变中都起着至关重要的作用。这项研究表明，持续评估和监测林波波水质的时空变化对今后控制污染和健康安全非常重要。人们发现自然过程（岩石风化）和人为活动（废水排放，工业活动等）在水质演变中都起着至关重要的作用。这项研究表明，持续评估和监测林波波水质的时空变化对今后控制污染和健康安全非常重要。