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Exploration of structural requirements for the inhibition of VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase: Binding site analysis of type II, ‘DFG-out’ inhibitors
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-18 , DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1872417
Siddharth J Modi 1 , Vithal M Kulkarni 1
Affiliation  

Abstract

The conserved three-dimensional structure of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) has been varyingly observed in prokaryotes to humans that actively participate in the phosphorylation process of tyrosine residues in the protein, which results in the alteration of protein’s function. Mutation and transcriptional or post-translational modifications lead to a deregulation of kinases, which ultimately fallout into the development of pathological conditions like cancer. The human genome encodes two kinds of tyrosine kinases: non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Among these kinases, VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling cascade is an important target to develop novel small-molecule inhibitors for the therapy of abnormal angiogenesis incorporated with cancer. Due to advances in the knowledge of the catalytic domain and ‘DFG-motif’ region, selective ‘DFG-in’ (type I) and ‘DFG-out’ (type II) VEGFR-2/KDR inhibitors were successfully developed, and some are in different phases of a clinical trial. ‘DFG-out’ (inactive) confirmation has significant advantages over ‘DFG-in’ (active) confirmation concerning the affinity of the ATP at the catalytic domain. Further, in the catalytic domain, between front and back cleft, smaller gatekeeper residue (Val916) present; therefore, selectivity against VEGFR-2 could be precisely achieved. In this review, small molecule type II/‘DFG-out’ inhibitors, their conformation, interaction at receptor binding pocket, and structural requirements to inhibit VEGFR-2 at the molecular level are discussed.

  • Highlights
  • VEGFR-2 is a type of membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that regulates the process of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.

  • Small molecule first-generation type I, ‘DFG-in’ and second-generation type II, ‘DFG-out’ VEGFR-2 inhibitors exhibit clinical benefits in the treatment of aberrant angiogenesis associated with cancer.

  • Molecular docking of FDA approved and novel type II inhibitors were performed using X-ray crystal structures of VEGFR-2; binding site analysis was carried out.

  • Structural requirements for the inhibition of VEGFR-2 were identified.



中文翻译:

探索抑制 VEGFR-2 酪氨酸激酶的结构要求:II 型结合位点分析,“DFG-out”抑制剂

摘要

受体酪氨酸激酶 (RTK) 的保守三维结构已在人类原核生物中不同地观察到,它们积极参与蛋白质中酪氨酸残基的磷酸化过程,从而导致蛋白质功能的改变。突变和转录或翻译后修饰导致激酶的失调,最终导致癌症等病理状况的发展。人类基因组编码两种酪氨酸激酶:非受体酪氨酸激酶 (NRTK) 和受体酪氨酸激酶 (RTK)。在这些激酶中,VEGF/VEGFR-2 信号级联是开发新型小分子抑制剂用于治疗与癌症结合的异常血管生成的重要靶点。由于催化结构域和“DFG-基序”区域知识的进步,成功开发了选择性“DFG-in”(I型)和“DFG-out”(II型)VEGFR-2/KDR抑制剂,一些处于临床试验的不同阶段。'DFG-out'(非活性)确认与 'DFG-in'(活性)确认相比,在催化结构域 ATP 的亲和力方面具有显着优势。此外,在催化结构域中,在前后裂之间,存在较小的看门人残基(Val916);因此,可以精确地实现针对 VEGFR-2 的选择性。在这篇综述中,讨论了小分子 II 型/'DFG-out' 抑制剂、它们的构象、受体结合袋的相互作用以及在分子水平上抑制 VEGFR-2 的结构要求。选择性“DFG-in”(I 型)和“DFG-out”(II 型)VEGFR-2/KDR 抑制剂已成功开发,其中一些处于临床试验的不同阶段。'DFG-out'(非活性)确认与 'DFG-in'(活性)确认相比,在催化结构域 ATP 的亲和力方面具有显着优势。此外,在催化结构域中,在前后裂之间,存在较小的看门人残基(Val916);因此,可以精确地实现针对 VEGFR-2 的选择性。在这篇综述中,讨论了小分子 II 型/'DFG-out' 抑制剂、它们的构象、受体结合袋的相互作用以及在分子水平上抑制 VEGFR-2 的结构要求。选择性“DFG-in”(I 型)和“DFG-out”(II 型)VEGFR-2/KDR 抑制剂已成功开发,其中一些处于临床试验的不同阶段。'DFG-out'(非活性)确认与 'DFG-in'(活性)确认相比,在催化结构域 ATP 的亲和力方面具有显着优势。此外,在催化结构域中,在前后裂之间,存在较小的看门人残基(Val916);因此,可以精确地实现针对 VEGFR-2 的选择性。在这篇综述中,讨论了小分子 II 型/'DFG-out' 抑制剂、它们的构象、受体结合袋的相互作用以及在分子水平上抑制 VEGFR-2 的结构要求。'DFG-out'(非活性)确认与 'DFG-in'(活性)确认相比,在催化结构域 ATP 的亲和力方面具有显着优势。此外,在催化结构域中,在前后裂之间,存在较小的看门人残基(Val916);因此,可以精确地实现针对 VEGFR-2 的选择性。在这篇综述中,讨论了小分子 II 型/'DFG-out' 抑制剂、它们的构象、受体结合袋的相互作用以及在分子水平上抑制 VEGFR-2 的结构要求。'DFG-out'(非活性)确认与 'DFG-in'(活性)确认相比,在催化结构域 ATP 的亲和力方面具有显着优势。此外,在催化结构域中,在前后裂之间,存在较小的看门人残基(Val916);因此,可以精确地实现针对 VEGFR-2 的选择性。在这篇综述中,讨论了小分子 II 型/'DFG-out' 抑制剂、它们的构象、受体结合袋的相互作用以及在分子水平上抑制 VEGFR-2 的结构要求。

  • 强调
  • VEGFR-2 是一种膜结合受体酪氨酸激酶 (RTK),可调节血管生成和血管生成过程。

  • 小分子第一代 I 型“DFG-in”和第二代 II 型“DFG-out”VEGFR-2 抑制剂在治疗与癌症相关的异常血管生成方面表现出临床益处。

  • 使用 VEGFR-2 的 X 射线晶体结构对 FDA 批准的新型 II 型抑制剂进行分子对接;进行了结合位点分析。

  • 确定了抑制 VEGFR-2 的结构要求。

更新日期:2021-01-18
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