Vocalizations are used by group-living animals as aggressive and submissive signals during agonistic interactions, and are also used to maintain dominance hierarchies in many species. For gregarious strepsirrhines with large vocal repertoires and differentiated dominance ranks like the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), agonistic vocalization use is important to study to better understand their social adaptations.To determine whether ring-tailed lemur vocalizations such as the yip, cackle, twitter, chutter, and plosive bark were used as aggressive or submissive signals during agonism and uttered at different rates by males of differing dominance ranks and ages, 565 h of focal data were collected on 31 individual males aged ≥ 1 year from Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Yip, cackle, and twitter vocalizations were consistently used during agonistic submissive interactions with both males and females, chutter vocalizations were used during aggressive agonistic interactions with males and submissive agonistic interactions with males and females, and plosive bark vocalizations were used across behavioural contexts but not particularly during agonism. Males of all ages employed all vocalizations, and while low-ranking males uttered yip calls at higher rates, males of all dominance ranks uttered cackle, twitter, chutter, and plosive bark vocalizations. These results advance our knowledge of how male lemurs utilize agonistic vocalizations to maintain inter-individual relationships with males and females, and improve our overall understanding of the function of different agonistic vocalizations in wild lemurs.

中文翻译：

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雄性环尾狐猴 (Lemur catta) 的激动发声行为

群居动物在激动相互作用期间将发声用作攻击性和顺从性信号，并且还用于维持许多物种的优势等级。对于像环尾狐猴 (Lemur catta) 等具有大量发声曲目和差异化优势等级的群居链猴，使用激动发声对于研究更好地了解它们的社会适应很重要。 , twitter, chutter, 和 plosive bark 在激动期间被用作攻击性或顺从性信号，并由不同优势等级和年龄的男性以不同的频率发出，从 Beza Mahafaly Special 收集了 31 名年龄 ≥ 1 岁的个体男性的 565 小时焦点数据储备，马达加斯加。耶，咯咯地笑，和推特发声在与雄性和雌性的激动顺从交互期间一直使用，在与雄性的积极主动交互和与雄性和雌性的顺从激动交互中使用 chutter 发声，在行为环境中使用爆破皮发声，但不是特别是在激动期间。所有年龄段的雄性都会使用所有的发声方式，而低级别的雄性以更高的频率发出 yip 呼叫，而所有优势级别的雄性都会发出咯咯声、叽叽喳喳、啾啾和爆裂的吠声。这些结果增进了我们对雄性狐猴如何利用激动发声来维持与雄性和雌性个体间关系的了解，并提高了我们对野生狐猴中不同激动发声的功能的整体理解。