The activated biochar is a carbonaceous material obtained from thermal degradation of biomass with high adsorption potential. On the other hand, the high production cost has still limited its use in large-scale, so that low-cost raw materials derived from biomass have been encouraged. For instance, waste from palm oil industry, such as palm endocarp (Elaeis guineenses), has shown high potential to produce cheaper activated carbon since high amount of palm residues are annually generated worldwide. Moreover, as far as we know, Elaeis guineensis-biochar activated by ZnCl2 has not been tested as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal. In addition, optimization studies on activation variables focused on maximizing MB removal are still scarce. This work aims to investigate the adsorption capacity of the Elaeis guineensis-activated carbon for MB removal and to find optimized conditions. Thermo-chemical activation was carried out using ZnCl2. Temperature (T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$T$$\end{document}), activation time (t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t$$\end{document}) and particle size (PS\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$PS$$\end{document}) were the variables evaluated through a full factorial design. The optimal condition was obtained based on central composite design (CCD) and surface response methodology (RSM) techniques. Kinetic and equilibrium studies were also carried out. CCD and RSM predicted an optimal MB removal of 93.2% adopting 0.05 g of activated biochar, PS = 65 mesh, T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$T\hspace{0.17em}$$\end{document}= 700 °C and t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t\hspace{0.17em}$$\end{document}= 3 h. Kinetic and adsorption equilibrium results agreed to pseudo second-order model and Langmuir’s model, respectively. Finally, Elaeis guineensis showed to be a promising feedstock to produce activated biochar aiming MB removal from water and wastewater.

中文翻译：

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用于去除亚甲基蓝的 Elaeis guineensis 活性炭：使用 CCD-RSM 的吸附能力和优化

活性生物炭是一种通过热降解生物质获得的具有高吸附潜力的碳质材料。另一方面，高昂的生产成本仍然限制了其大规模使用，因此鼓励使用低成本的生物质原料。例如，来自棕榈油工业的废物，如棕榈内果皮（Elaeis guineenses），已经显示出生产更便宜的活性炭的巨大潜力，因为全世界每年都会产生大量的棕榈残渣。此外，据我们所知，由 ZnCl2 活化的 Elaeis guineensis-biochar 尚未被测试作为去除亚甲蓝 (MB) 的吸附剂。此外，专注于最大限度地去除 MB 的激活变量的优化研究仍然很少。这项工作旨在研究 Elaeis guineensis 活性炭对 MB 去除的吸附能力并寻找优化条件。使用 ZnCl2 进行热化学活化。温度 (T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\ oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$T$$\end{document}), 激活时间 (t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{ \oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t$$\end{document}）和粒子大小（PS\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts } \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$PS$$\end{document}) 是变量通过全因子设计进行评估。基于中心复合设计（CCD）和表面响应方法（RSM）技术获得最佳条件。还进行了动力学和平衡研究。CCD 和 RSM 预测最佳 MB 去除率为 93.2%，采用 0。05 克活化 biochar，PS = 65 目，T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$T\hspace{0.17em}$$\end{document}= 700 °C 和 t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $$t\hspace{0.17em}$$\end{document}= 3 小时。动力学和吸附平衡结果分别符合伪二阶模型和朗缪尔模型。最后，Elaeis guineensis 被证明是一种很有前途的原料，可用于生产旨在从水和废水中去除 MB 的活性生物炭。PS = 65 网格，T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \ setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$T\hspace{0.17em}$$\end{document}= 700 °C 和 t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \ usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t\hspace{ 0.17em}$$\end{document}= 3 小时。动力学和吸附平衡结果分别符合伪二阶模型和朗缪尔模型。最后，Elaeis guineensis 被证明是一种很有前途的原料，可用于生产旨在从水和废水中去除 MB 的活性生物炭。PS = 65 网格，T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \ setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$T\hspace{0.17em}$$\end{document}= 700 °C 和 t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \ usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t\hspace{ 0.17em}$$\end{document}= 3 小时。动力学和吸附平衡结果分别符合伪二阶模型和朗缪尔模型。最后，Elaeis guineensis 被证明是一种很有前途的原料，可用于生产旨在从水和废水中去除 MB 的活性生物炭。T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin} {-69pt} \begin{document}$$T\hspace{0.17em}$$\end{document}= 700 °C 和 t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \ usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t\hspace{0.17em}$$ \end{文档}= 3 小时。动力学和吸附平衡结果分别符合伪二阶模型和朗缪尔模型。最后，Elaeis guineensis 被证明是一种很有前途的原料，可用于生产旨在从水和废水中去除 MB 的活性生物炭。T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin} {-69pt} \begin{document}$$T\hspace{0.17em}$$\end{document}= 700 °C 和 t\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \ usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$t\hspace{0.17em}$$ \end{文档}= 3 小时。动力学和吸附平衡结果分别符合伪二阶模型和朗缪尔模型。最后，Elaeis guineensis 被证明是一种很有前途的原料，可用于生产旨在从水和废水中去除 MB 的活性生物炭。