This study incorporates pollutant emissions into the growth model with the presence of institutional quality and exports as control variables. The individual impact of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide on G20 countries’ real GDP for the period of 1995–2014 is investigated using pooled mean group (PMG) estimator and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) estimator. Our results suggest a positive relationship between all the pollutant emissions and economic growth in the long run, indicating that environmental degradation is favourable to growth. It is also confirmed that CO2 emissions have the greatest impact on real GDP. Furthermore, institutional quality and economic growth are found to be positively related, confirming the importance of institutional quality in contributing to economic growth. The results also reveal that a positive relationship does exist between exports and economic growth. Similar results are obtained using PMG and FMOLS estimators, indicating that our findings are robust. Our study recommends effective mitigation and adaptation strategies in reducing the threats associated with global climate change.

中文翻译：

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选定的 G20 国家的经济增长：不同的污染排放有什么关系？

本研究将污染物排放纳入增长模型，并以制度质量和出口作为控制变量。二氧化碳、氮氧化物和二氧化硫对 1995 年至 2014 年期间 G20 国家实际 GDP 的个别影响使用合并平均组 (PMG) 估计量和完全修正的普通最小二乘 (FMOLS) 估计量进行调查。我们的研究结果表明，从长远来看，所有污染物排放与经济增长之间存在正相关关系，表明环境退化有利于增长。也证实了二氧化碳排放对实际 GDP 的影响最大。此外，发现制度质量与经济增长呈正相关，证实了制度质量在促进经济增长方面的重要性。结果还表明，出口与经济增长之间确实存在正相关关系。使用 PMG 和 FMOLS 估计器获得了类似的结果，表明我们的发现是可靠的。我们的研究推荐了有效的缓解和适应战略，以减少与全球气候变化相关的威胁。