Bone substitutes are used in nearly half of all musculoskeletal surgeries. The “gold standard” graft is an autograft that is limited by supply and site morbidity. Therefore, allograft sources are the current alternative for clinical practice with some side effects, such as immune responses and risk of disease transmission. In this paper, we have systematically reviewed the development and characterization of decellularized allograft or xenograft-derived scaffolds as bone graft substitutes. The databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for experimental studies that investigated the potential of acellular allograft or xenograft-derived scaffold for bone regeneration. The search was finalized on 14 September 2020. The initial electronic database search resulted in a total of 484 studies. During the screening process, 416 studies were excluded due to not meeting the inclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 68 articles were included, in which human or animal tissues have been decellularized for bone tissue generation purposes. Although in most studies, a decellularized bone was used for the generation of a bone scaffold, other decellularized tissues, such as the human amniotic membrane or human adipose tissue, were also used in some researches for this purpose. In 42 studies out of the 68, decellularized bone scaffolds were implanted into in vivo animal models. 8 studies used animal bone tissues as an allograft. 12 studies used human tissues as a xenograft. The studies have shown that decellularized allograft or xenograft scaffolds have high biocompatibility with little or no host response, and can enhance new bone formation. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the decellularized xenograft-derived cancellous bone scaffolds can be considered as alternatives to the autologous bone graft. This systematic review might affect future research directions and the preoperative planning of graft selection.

近一半的肌肉骨骼手术都使用骨替代品。“金标准”移植物是一种自体移植物，受供应和部位发病率的限制。因此，同种异体移植来源是目前临床实践的替代品，具有一些副作用，例如免疫反应和疾病传播的风险。在本文中，我们系统地回顾了脱细胞同种异体移植物或异种移植物衍生支架作为骨移植替代物的开发和表征。在 PubMed、Cochrane、Scopus 和 Web of Science 的数据库中搜索了研究脱细胞同种异体移植物或异种移植物衍生支架在骨再生方面的潜力的实验研究。搜索于 2020 年 9 月 14 日完成。最初的电子数据库搜索结果共有 484 项研究。在筛选过程中，416 项研究因不符合纳入标准而被排除。最后，共纳入 68 篇文章，其中人类或动物组织已被脱细胞用于骨组织生成。虽然在大多数研究中，脱细胞骨用于生成骨支架，但其他脱细胞组织，如人羊膜或人脂肪组织，也用于一些研究。在 68 项研究中的 42 项研究中，脱细胞骨支架被植入 其他脱细胞组织，如人羊膜或人脂肪组织，也用于一些研究。在 68 项研究中的 42 项研究中，脱细胞骨支架被植入 其他脱细胞组织，如人羊膜或人脂肪组织，也用于一些研究。在 68 项研究中的 42 项研究中，脱细胞骨支架被植入体内动物模型。8 项研究使用动物骨组织作为同种异体移植物。12 项研究使用人体组织作为异种移植物。研究表明，脱细胞同种异体移植或异种移植支架具有很高的生物相容性，几乎没有或没有宿主反应，并且可以促进新骨形成。总体而言，这项研究的结果表明，脱细胞异种移植物衍生的松质骨支架可被视为自体骨移植物的替代品。该系统评价可能会影响未来的研究方向和移植物选择的术前计划。