Layer-by-layer deposition of cells, tissues and similar molecules provided by additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D bioprinting offers safe, biocompatible, effective and inert methods for the production of biological structures and biomimetic scaffolds. 3D bioprinting assisted through computer programmes and software develops mutli-modal nano- or micro-particulate systems such as biosensors, dosage forms or delivery systems and other biological scaffolds like pharmaceutical implants, prosthetics, etc. This review article focuses on the implementation of 3D bioprinting techniques in the gene expression, in gene editing or therapy and in delivery of genes. The applications of 3D printing are extensive and include gene therapy, modulation and expression in cancers, tissue engineering, osteogenesis, skin and vascular regeneration. Inclusion of nanotechnology with genomic bioprinting parameters such as gene conjugated or gene encapsulated 3D printed nanostructures may offer new avenues in the future for efficient and controlled treatment and help in overcoming the limitations faced in conventional methods. Moreover, expansion of the benefits from such techniques is advantageous in real-time delivery or in-situ production of nucleic acids into the host cells.

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中文翻译：

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3D 打印生物结构：基因表达的再生调节

由 3D 生物打印等增材制造技术提供的细胞、组织和类似分子的逐层沉积为生产生物结构和仿生支架提供了安全、生物相容、有效和惰性的方法。通过计算机程序和软件辅助的 3D 生物打印开发了多模态纳米或微粒系统，如生物传感器、剂型或递送系统以及其他生物支架，如药物植入物、假肢等。本文重点介绍 3D 生物打印的实施基因表达、基因编辑或治疗以及基因传递方面的技术。3D 打印的应用非常广泛，包括基因治疗、癌症中的调节和表达、组织工程、成骨、皮肤和血管再生。将纳米技术与基因组生物打印参数（例如基因结合或基因封装的 3D 打印纳米结构）结合起来，可能会在未来为有效和可控的治疗提供新的途径，并有助于克服传统方法面临的限制。此外，这些技术的益处的扩展有利于将核酸实时递送或原位生产到宿主细胞中。

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