Woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Pemphigidae), is a worldwide quarantine pest of apples. Understanding the resistance mechanism of various cultivars to WAA is important for the selection for durable resistance. Few studies have examined the resistance of different apple cultivars to WAA in China; among common varieties produced in China, Red Fuji is highly sensitive to WAA. In this study, the resistance to WAA of Red Fuji and three other common cultivars—Starkrimson, Jonagold, and Ralls Genet—was assessed based on the developmental and reproductive biological characteristics of aphids, assessed under four fixed temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 35 ℃. We found the optimal temperature for WAA growth and reproduction to be 20–25 ℃, at which temperature, aphids on Red Fuji showed the highest rate of reproduction, the highest number of colonies, and the greatest area covered by aphid colonies among the four cultivars. These attributes of WAA were significantly higher at 20–25 ℃ than at 30 ℃. On Red Fuji, the most favorable variety, WAA showed its highest net reproductive rate (127.3 ± 13.3), intrinsic growth rate (0.30 ± 0.01), highest growth rate of the colony area (1.35 ± 0.02), and the lowest average generation time (16.1 ± 0.8 day) at 25 ℃. The aphids inoculated onto the four tested cultivars all died within 1 week at 35 ℃. Overall, Red Fuji was highly susceptible, while Starkrimson, Jonagold, and Ralls Genet were partially resistant.