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Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware
Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 , DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.7.1.016001 Sebastiano Aiello 1 , Arnauld Albert 2 , Sergio Alves Garre 3 , Zineb Aly 4 , Fabrizio Ameli 1 , Michel Andre 5 , Giorgos Androulakis 6 , Marco Anghinolfi 1 , Mancia Anguita 7 , Gisela Anton 8 , Miquel Ardid 9 , Julien Aublin 10 , Christos Bagatelas 6 , Giancarlo Barbarino 11 , Bruny Baret 12 , Suzan Basegmez du Pree 13 , Anastasios Belias 6 , Meriem Bendahman 14 , Edward Berbee 13 , Ad M. van den Berg 15 , Vincent Bertin 4 , Vincent van Beveren 13 , Simone Biagi 1 , Andrea Biagioni 1 , Matthias Bissinger 8 , Markus Boettcher 16 , Jihad Boumaaza 14 , Mohammed Bouta 17 , Mieke Bouwhuis 13 , Cristiano Bozza 18 , Horea Brânzaş 19 , Ronald Bruijn 13 , Jurgen Brunner 4 , Ernst-Jan Buis 20 , Raffaele Buompane 11 , Jose Busto 4 , Barbara Caiffi 1 , David Calvo 3 , Antonio Capone 1 , Victor Carretero 3 , Paolo Castaldi 1 , Silvia Celli 1 , Mohamed Chabab 21 , Nhan Chau 10 , Andrew W. Chen 22 , Silvio Cherubini 1 , Vitaliano Chiarella 1 , Tommaso Chiarusi 1 , Marco Circella 1 , Rosanna Cocimano 1 , Joao A. B. Coelho 10 , Alexis Coleiro 12 , Marta C. Molla 3 , Stephane Colonges 12 , Rosa Coniglione 1 , Imanol Corredoira 3 , Paschal Coyle 4 , Alexandre Creusot 10 , Giacomo Cuttone 1 , Antonio D’ Amico 13 , Antonio D’Onofrio 1 , Richard Dallier 23 , Mauro De Palma 1 , Irene Di Palma 1 , Antonio F. Díaz 7 , Didac Diego-Tortosa 9 , Carla Distefano 1 , Alba Domi 4 , Roberto Donà 1 , Corinne Donzaud 12 , Damien Dornic 4 , Manuel Dörr 24 , Doriane Drouhin 25 , Thomas Eberl 8 , Ahmed Eddyamoui 14 , Thijs van Eeden 13 , Daan van Eijk 13 , Imad El Bojaddaini 26 , Dominik Elsaesser 24 , Alexander Enzenhoefer 4 , Victor Espinosa Rosell 9 , Paolo Fermani 1 , Giovanna Ferrara 1 , Miroslav D. Filipović 1 , Francesco Filippini 1 , Luigi A. Fusco 4 , Omar Gabella 27 , Tamas Gal 14 , Alfonso Andres Garcia Soto 13 , Fabio Garufi 1 , Yoann Gatelet 12 , Nicole Geißelbrecht 8 , Lucio Gialanella 1 , Emidio Giorgio 1 , Sara R. Gozzini 14 , Rodrigo Gracia 13 , Kay Graf 8 , Dario Grasso 1 , Giuseppe Grella 18 , Daniel Guderian 28 , Carlo Guidi 1 , Steffen Hallmann 8 , Hassane Hamdaoui 14 , Hans van Haren 29 , Aart Heijboer 13 , Amar Hekalo 24 , Juan J. Hernández-Rey 3 , Jannik Hofestädt 8 , Feifei Huang 25 , Walid Idrissi Ibnsalih 1 , Alin Ilioni 12 , Giulia Illuminati 3 , Clancy W. James 30 , Peter Jansweijer 13 , Maartin de Jong 13 , Paul de Jong 13 , Bouke Jisse Jung 13 , Matthias Kadler 24 , Piotr Kalaczyński 31 , Oleg Kalekin 8 , Uli F. Katz 8 , Nafis R. Khan Chowdhury 3 , Giorgi Kistauri 32 , Frits van der Knaap 20 , Els N. Koffeman 13 , Paul Kooijman 33 , Antoine Kouchner 12 , Michael Kreter 16 , Vladimir Kulikovskiy 1 , Robert Lahmann 8 , Giuseppina Larosa 1 , Remy Le Breton 12 , Ornella Leonardi 1 , Francesco Leone 1 , Emanuele Leonora 1 , Jean Lesrel 12 , Giuseppe Levi 1 , Massimiliano Lincetto 4 , Miles Lindsey Clark 12 , Thomas Lipreau 23 , Alessandro Lonardo 1 , Fabio Longhitano 1 , Daniel Lopez-Coto 7 , Lukas Maderer 12 , Jerzy M. Mańczak 3 , Karl Mannheim 24 , Annarita Margiotta 1 , Antonio Marinelli 1 , Christos Markou 6 , Lilian Martin 23 , Juan A. Martínez-Mora 9 , Agnese Martini 1 , Fabio Marzaioli 1 , Stefano Mastroianni 1 , Safaa Mazzou 21 , Karel W. Melis 13 , Gennaro Miele 1 , Pasquale Migliozzi 1 , Emilio Migneco 1 , Piotr Mijakowski 31 , Luis S. Miranda Palacios 34 , Carlos M. Mollo 1 , Mauro Morganti 1 , Michael Moser 7 , Abdelilah Moussa 16 , Rasa Muller 13 , David Muñoz Pérez 1 , Paolo Musico 1 , Mario Musumeci 1 , Lodewijk Nauta 13 , Sergio Navas 7 , Carlo A. Nicolau 1 , Brian Ó. Fearraigh 13 , Mitchell O’Sullivan 30 , Mukharbek Organokov 25 , Angelo Orlando 1 , Juan Palacios González 3 , Gogita Papalashvili 32 , Riccardo Papaleo 1 , Cosimo Pastore 1 , Alice M. Păun 19 , Gabriela E. Păvălaş 19 , Giuliano Pellegrini 1 , Carmelo Pellegrino 35 , Mathieu Perrin-Terrin 4 , Paolo Piattelli 1 , Camiel Pieterse 3 , Konstantinos Pikounis 6 , Ofelia Pisanti 1 , Chiara Poirè 9 , Vlad Popa 19 , Thierry Pradier 25 , Gerd Pühlhofer 36 , Sara Pulvirenti 1 , Omphile Rabyang 16 , Fabrizio Raffaelli 1 , Nunzio Randazzo 1 , Soebur Razzaque 34 , Diego Real 3 , Stefan Reck 8 , Giorgio Riccobene 1 , Marc Richer 25 , Stephane Rivoire 27 , Alberto Rovelli 1 , Francisco Salesa Greus 3 , Dorothea F. E. Samtleben 13 , Agustin Sánchez Losa 1 , Matteo Sanguineti 7 , Andrea E. Santangelo 36 , Domenico Santonocito 1 , Piera Sapienza 1 , Jan-Willem Schmelling 13 , Jutta Schnabel 8 , Johannes Schumann 8 , Jordan Seneca 13 , Irene Sgura 37 , Rezo Shanidze 38 , Ankur Sharma 39 , Francesco Simeone 40 , Anna Sinopoulou 41 , Bernardino Spisso 42 , Maurizio Spurio 43 , Dimitris Stavropoulos 41 , Jos Steijger 44 , Simona Maria Stellacci 42 , Mauro Taiuti 45 , Yahya Tayalati 46 , Enrique Tenllado 47 , Tarak Thakore 48 , Steven Tingay 49 , Ekaterini Tzamariudaki 41 , Dimitrios Tzanetatos 41 , Veronique Van Elewyck 50 , Georges Vasileiadis 51 , Federico Versari 43 , Salvo Viola 52 , Daniele Vivolo 42 , Gwenhael de Wasseige 50 , Joern Wilms 53 , Rafa Wojaczyński 54 , Els de Wolf 44 , Dmitry Zaborov 55 , Sandra Zavatarelli 45 , Angela Zegarelli 40 , Daniele Zito 52 , Juan de Dios Zornoza 48 , Juan Zúñiga 48 , Natalia Zywucka 56
Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 , DOI: 10.1117/1.jatis.7.1.016001 Sebastiano Aiello 1 , Arnauld Albert 2 , Sergio Alves Garre 3 , Zineb Aly 4 , Fabrizio Ameli 1 , Michel Andre 5 , Giorgos Androulakis 6 , Marco Anghinolfi 1 , Mancia Anguita 7 , Gisela Anton 8 , Miquel Ardid 9 , Julien Aublin 10 , Christos Bagatelas 6 , Giancarlo Barbarino 11 , Bruny Baret 12 , Suzan Basegmez du Pree 13 , Anastasios Belias 6 , Meriem Bendahman 14 , Edward Berbee 13 , Ad M. van den Berg 15 , Vincent Bertin 4 , Vincent van Beveren 13 , Simone Biagi 1 , Andrea Biagioni 1 , Matthias Bissinger 8 , Markus Boettcher 16 , Jihad Boumaaza 14 , Mohammed Bouta 17 , Mieke Bouwhuis 13 , Cristiano Bozza 18 , Horea Brânzaş 19 , Ronald Bruijn 13 , Jurgen Brunner 4 , Ernst-Jan Buis 20 , Raffaele Buompane 11 , Jose Busto 4 , Barbara Caiffi 1 , David Calvo 3 , Antonio Capone 1 , Victor Carretero 3 , Paolo Castaldi 1 , Silvia Celli 1 , Mohamed Chabab 21 , Nhan Chau 10 , Andrew W. Chen 22 , Silvio Cherubini 1 , Vitaliano Chiarella 1 , Tommaso Chiarusi 1 , Marco Circella 1 , Rosanna Cocimano 1 , Joao A. B. Coelho 10 , Alexis Coleiro 12 , Marta C. Molla 3 , Stephane Colonges 12 , Rosa Coniglione 1 , Imanol Corredoira 3 , Paschal Coyle 4 , Alexandre Creusot 10 , Giacomo Cuttone 1 , Antonio D’ Amico 13 , Antonio D’Onofrio 1 , Richard Dallier 23 , Mauro De Palma 1 , Irene Di Palma 1 , Antonio F. Díaz 7 , Didac Diego-Tortosa 9 , Carla Distefano 1 , Alba Domi 4 , Roberto Donà 1 , Corinne Donzaud 12 , Damien Dornic 4 , Manuel Dörr 24 , Doriane Drouhin 25 , Thomas Eberl 8 , Ahmed Eddyamoui 14 , Thijs van Eeden 13 , Daan van Eijk 13 , Imad El Bojaddaini 26 , Dominik Elsaesser 24 , Alexander Enzenhoefer 4 , Victor Espinosa Rosell 9 , Paolo Fermani 1 , Giovanna Ferrara 1 , Miroslav D. Filipović 1 , Francesco Filippini 1 , Luigi A. Fusco 4 , Omar Gabella 27 , Tamas Gal 14 , Alfonso Andres Garcia Soto 13 , Fabio Garufi 1 , Yoann Gatelet 12 , Nicole Geißelbrecht 8 , Lucio Gialanella 1 , Emidio Giorgio 1 , Sara R. Gozzini 14 , Rodrigo Gracia 13 , Kay Graf 8 , Dario Grasso 1 , Giuseppe Grella 18 , Daniel Guderian 28 , Carlo Guidi 1 , Steffen Hallmann 8 , Hassane Hamdaoui 14 , Hans van Haren 29 , Aart Heijboer 13 , Amar Hekalo 24 , Juan J. Hernández-Rey 3 , Jannik Hofestädt 8 , Feifei Huang 25 , Walid Idrissi Ibnsalih 1 , Alin Ilioni 12 , Giulia Illuminati 3 , Clancy W. James 30 , Peter Jansweijer 13 , Maartin de Jong 13 , Paul de Jong 13 , Bouke Jisse Jung 13 , Matthias Kadler 24 , Piotr Kalaczyński 31 , Oleg Kalekin 8 , Uli F. Katz 8 , Nafis R. Khan Chowdhury 3 , Giorgi Kistauri 32 , Frits van der Knaap 20 , Els N. Koffeman 13 , Paul Kooijman 33 , Antoine Kouchner 12 , Michael Kreter 16 , Vladimir Kulikovskiy 1 , Robert Lahmann 8 , Giuseppina Larosa 1 , Remy Le Breton 12 , Ornella Leonardi 1 , Francesco Leone 1 , Emanuele Leonora 1 , Jean Lesrel 12 , Giuseppe Levi 1 , Massimiliano Lincetto 4 , Miles Lindsey Clark 12 , Thomas Lipreau 23 , Alessandro Lonardo 1 , Fabio Longhitano 1 , Daniel Lopez-Coto 7 , Lukas Maderer 12 , Jerzy M. Mańczak 3 , Karl Mannheim 24 , Annarita Margiotta 1 , Antonio Marinelli 1 , Christos Markou 6 , Lilian Martin 23 , Juan A. Martínez-Mora 9 , Agnese Martini 1 , Fabio Marzaioli 1 , Stefano Mastroianni 1 , Safaa Mazzou 21 , Karel W. Melis 13 , Gennaro Miele 1 , Pasquale Migliozzi 1 , Emilio Migneco 1 , Piotr Mijakowski 31 , Luis S. Miranda Palacios 34 , Carlos M. Mollo 1 , Mauro Morganti 1 , Michael Moser 7 , Abdelilah Moussa 16 , Rasa Muller 13 , David Muñoz Pérez 1 , Paolo Musico 1 , Mario Musumeci 1 , Lodewijk Nauta 13 , Sergio Navas 7 , Carlo A. Nicolau 1 , Brian Ó. Fearraigh 13 , Mitchell O’Sullivan 30 , Mukharbek Organokov 25 , Angelo Orlando 1 , Juan Palacios González 3 , Gogita Papalashvili 32 , Riccardo Papaleo 1 , Cosimo Pastore 1 , Alice M. Păun 19 , Gabriela E. Păvălaş 19 , Giuliano Pellegrini 1 , Carmelo Pellegrino 35 , Mathieu Perrin-Terrin 4 , Paolo Piattelli 1 , Camiel Pieterse 3 , Konstantinos Pikounis 6 , Ofelia Pisanti 1 , Chiara Poirè 9 , Vlad Popa 19 , Thierry Pradier 25 , Gerd Pühlhofer 36 , Sara Pulvirenti 1 , Omphile Rabyang 16 , Fabrizio Raffaelli 1 , Nunzio Randazzo 1 , Soebur Razzaque 34 , Diego Real 3 , Stefan Reck 8 , Giorgio Riccobene 1 , Marc Richer 25 , Stephane Rivoire 27 , Alberto Rovelli 1 , Francisco Salesa Greus 3 , Dorothea F. E. Samtleben 13 , Agustin Sánchez Losa 1 , Matteo Sanguineti 7 , Andrea E. Santangelo 36 , Domenico Santonocito 1 , Piera Sapienza 1 , Jan-Willem Schmelling 13 , Jutta Schnabel 8 , Johannes Schumann 8 , Jordan Seneca 13 , Irene Sgura 37 , Rezo Shanidze 38 , Ankur Sharma 39 , Francesco Simeone 40 , Anna Sinopoulou 41 , Bernardino Spisso 42 , Maurizio Spurio 43 , Dimitris Stavropoulos 41 , Jos Steijger 44 , Simona Maria Stellacci 42 , Mauro Taiuti 45 , Yahya Tayalati 46 , Enrique Tenllado 47 , Tarak Thakore 48 , Steven Tingay 49 , Ekaterini Tzamariudaki 41 , Dimitrios Tzanetatos 41 , Veronique Van Elewyck 50 , Georges Vasileiadis 51 , Federico Versari 43 , Salvo Viola 52 , Daniele Vivolo 42 , Gwenhael de Wasseige 50 , Joern Wilms 53 , Rafa Wojaczyński 54 , Els de Wolf 44 , Dmitry Zaborov 55 , Sandra Zavatarelli 45 , Angela Zegarelli 40 , Daniele Zito 52 , Juan de Dios Zornoza 48 , Juan Zúñiga 48 , Natalia Zywucka 56
Affiliation
The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine.
中文翻译：
KM3NeT前端固件的体系结构和性能
KM3NeT基础设施由部署在地中海的两个深海中微子望远镜组成。望远镜将通过由于中微子相互作用而使相对论带电粒子穿过海水而引起的入射光子来探测地外和大气中微子。望远镜配置在一个数字光学模块的三维网格中，每个网格容纳31个光电倍增管。由入射的契伦科夫光子产生的光电倍增器信号被转换为数字信息，该信息包括积分脉冲持续时间及其超过选定阈值的时间。数字化通过嵌入中央逻辑板的现场可编程门阵列中的时间数字转换器（TDC）来完成。后来，状态机格式化所获取的数据以将其传输到岸上。我们介绍了由TDC和状态机组成的前端固件的体系结构和性能。
更新日期：2021-01-16
中文翻译：
KM3NeT前端固件的体系结构和性能
KM3NeT基础设施由部署在地中海的两个深海中微子望远镜组成。望远镜将通过由于中微子相互作用而使相对论带电粒子穿过海水而引起的入射光子来探测地外和大气中微子。望远镜配置在一个数字光学模块的三维网格中，每个网格容纳31个光电倍增管。由入射的契伦科夫光子产生的光电倍增器信号被转换为数字信息，该信息包括积分脉冲持续时间及其超过选定阈值的时间。数字化通过嵌入中央逻辑板的现场可编程门阵列中的时间数字转换器（TDC）来完成。后来，状态机格式化所获取的数据以将其传输到岸上。我们介绍了由TDC和状态机组成的前端固件的体系结构和性能。
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