The levels of processing (LOP) account has inspired thousands of studies with verbal material. The few studies investigating levels of processing with nonverbal stimuli used images with nameable objects that, like meaningful words, lend themselves to semantic processing. Thus, nothing is known about the effects of different levels of processing on basic visual perceptual features, such as color. Across four experiments, we tested 187 participants to investigate whether the LOP framework also applies to basic perceptual features in visual associative memory. For Experiments 1 and 2, we developed a paradigm to investigate recognition memory for associations of basic visual features. Participants had to memorize object-color associations (Experiment 1) and fractal-color associations (Experiment 2, to suppress verbalization). In Experiments 3 and 4, we extended our account to cued recall. All experiments revealed reliable LOP effects for basic perceptual features in visual associative memory. Our findings demonstrate that the LOP account is more universal than the current literature suggests.

中文翻译：

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处理水平影响视觉联想记忆中的感知特征

处理水平 (LOP) 帐户启发了数千项口头材料的研究。为数不多的调查非语言刺激处理水平的研究使用具有可命名对象的图像，如有意义的单词，适合语义处理。因此，对于不同级别的处理对基本视觉感知特征（例如颜色）的影响，我们一无所知。在四个实验中，我们测试了 187 名参与者，以研究 LOP 框架是否也适用于视觉联想记忆中的基本感知特征。对于实验 1 和 2，我们开发了一种范式来研究基本视觉特征关联的识别记忆。参与者必须记住物体颜色关联（实验 1）和分形颜色关联（实验 2，以抑制语言表达）。在实验 3 和 4 中，我们将我们的帐户扩展到提示回忆。所有实验都揭示了视觉联想记忆中基本感知特征的可靠 LOP 效应。我们的研究结果表明，LOP 帐户比当前文献所建议的更普遍。