In mammals, excitatory cortical neurons develop from the proliferative epithelium and progenitor cells in the ventricular zone and subventricular zone, and migrate radially to the cortical plate, whereas inhibitory GABAergic interneurons are born in the ganglionic eminence and migrate tangentially. The migration of newly born cortical neurons is tightly regulated by both extracellular and intracellular signaling to ensure proper positioning and projections. Non-cell-autonomous extracellular molecules, such as growth factors, axon guidance molecules, extracellular matrix, and other ligands, play a role in cortical migration, either by acting as attractants or repellents. In this article, we review the guidance molecules that act as cell–cell recognition molecules for the regulation of neuronal migration, with a focus on netrin family proteins, their receptors, and related molecules, including neogenin, repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs), Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (FLRTs), and draxin. Netrin proteins induce attractive and repulsive signals depending on their receptors. For example, binding of netrin-1 to deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), possibly together with Unc5, repels migrating GABAergic neurons from the ventricular zone of the ganglionic eminence, whereas binding to α3β1 integrin promotes cortical interneuron migration. Human genetic disorders associated with these and related guidance molecules, such as congenital mirror movements, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, are also discussed.

在哺乳动物中，兴奋性皮质神经元从心室区和脑室下区的增生上皮和祖细胞发育而来，并径向迁移至皮质板，而抑制性GABA能的中间神经元在神经节隆起中出生并切向迁移。新生皮层神经元的迁移受到细胞外和细胞内信号的严格调节，以确保正确的定位和投射。非细胞自主的细胞外分子，例如生长因子，轴突引导分子，细胞外基质和其他配体，通过充当引诱剂或驱避剂，在皮质迁移中发挥作用。在本文中，我们将对作为分子调控神经元迁移的细胞识别分子的指导分子进行综述，重点是netrin家族蛋白，它们的受体和相关分子，包括新生儿素，排斥指导分子（RGM），唐氏综合症细胞粘附分子（DSCAM），富含纤连蛋白亮氨酸的重复跨膜蛋白（draft跨膜蛋白）和draxin。Netrin蛋白根据其受体诱导有吸引力和排斥的信号。例如，netrin-1与大肠癌（DCC）中缺失的结合（可能与Unc5结合），排斥了从神经节隆突的心室区迁移的GABA能神经元，而与α3β1整合素的结合则促进了皮质神经元的迁移。还讨论了与这些及相关指导分子有关的人类遗传疾病，例如先天性镜子运动，精神分裂症和躁郁症。唐氏综合症细胞粘附分子（DSCAM），富含纤连蛋白的亮氨酸重复跨膜蛋白（FLRT）和draxin。Netrin蛋白根据其受体诱导有吸引力和排斥的信号。例如，netrin-1与大肠癌（DCC）中缺失的结合（可能与Unc5结合），排斥了从神经节隆突的心室区迁移的GABA能神经元，而与α3β1整合素的结合则促进了皮质神经元的迁移。还讨论了与这些及相关指导分子有关的人类遗传疾病，例如先天性镜子运动，精神分裂症和躁郁症。唐氏综合症细胞粘附分子（DSCAM），富含纤连蛋白的亮氨酸重复跨膜蛋白（FLRT）和draxin。Netrin蛋白根据其受体诱导有吸引力和排斥的信号。例如，netrin-1与大肠癌（DCC）中缺失的结合（可能与Unc5结合），排斥了从神经节隆突的心室区迁移的GABA能神经元，而与α3β1整合素的结合则促进了皮质神经元的迁移。还讨论了与这些及相关指导分子有关的人类遗传疾病，例如先天性镜子运动，精神分裂症和躁郁症。netrin-1与大肠癌（DCC）中缺失的结合（可能与Unc5结合），排斥了从神经节隆突的心室区迁移的GABA能神经元，而与α3β1整合素的结合则促进了皮质神经元的迁移。还讨论了与这些及相关指导分子有关的人类遗传疾病，例如先天性镜子运动，精神分裂症和躁郁症。netrin-1与大肠癌（DCC）中缺失的结合（可能与Unc5结合），排斥了从神经节隆突的心室区迁移的GABA能神经元，而与α3β1整合素的结合则促进了皮质神经元的迁移。还讨论了与这些及相关指导分子有关的人类遗传疾病，例如先天性镜子运动，精神分裂症和躁郁症。