Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a unique imaging method providing insights in cellular functions and interactions in real-time, without the need for tissue extraction from the body. IVM of the lungs has specific challenges such as restricted organ accessibility, respiratory movements, and limited penetration depth. Various surgical approaches and microscopic setups have been adapted in order to overcome these challenges. Among others, these include the development of suction stabilized lung windows and the use of more advanced optical techniques. Consequently, lung IVM has uncovered mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment and function in several models of pulmonary inflammation and infection. This review focuses on bacterial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, sepsis-induced acute lung Injury, and cystic fibrosis, as examples of lung inflammation and infection. In addition, critical details of intravital imaging techniques of the lungs are discussed.

活体显微镜检查（IVM）是一种独特的成像方法，可实时了解细胞功能和相互作用，而无需从人体中提取组织。肺的IVM具有特定的挑战，例如器官可及性受限，呼吸运动和穿透深度有限。为了克服这些挑战，已经采用了各种外科手术方法和显微镜设置。除其他外，这些措施包括开发稳定抽吸的肺窗以及使用更先进的光学技术。因此，肺部IVM在几种肺部炎症和感染模型中发现了白细胞募集和功能的机制。这篇评论的重点是细菌性肺炎，吸入性肺炎，败血症引起的急性肺损伤和囊性纤维化，作为肺部炎症和感染的例子。另外，讨论了肺活体成像技术的关键细节。