Visual-motor tracking movement is a common and essential behavior in daily life. However, the contribution of future information to visual-motor tracking performance is not well understood in current research. In this study, the visual-motor tracking performance with and without future-trajectories was compared. Meanwhile, three task demands were designed to investigate their impact. Eighteen healthy young participants were recruited and instructed to track a target on a screen by stretching/flexing their elbow joint. The kinematic signals (elbow joint angle) and surface electromyographic (EMG) signals of biceps and triceps were recorded. The normalized integrated jerk (NIJ) and fuzzy approximate entropy (fApEn) of the joint trajectories, as well as the multiscale fuzzy approximate entropy (MSfApEn) values of the EMG signals, were calculated. Accordingly, the NIJ values with the future-trajectory were significantly lower than those without future-trajectory (p-value < 0.01). The smoother movement with future-trajectories might be related to the increasing reliance of feedforward control. When the task demands increased, the fApEn values of joint trajectories increased significantly, as well as the MSfApEn of EMG signals (p-value < 0.05). These findings enrich our understanding about visual-motor control with future information.

中文翻译：

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视觉运动跟踪过程中未来信息和轨迹复杂性对运动信号和肌肉激活的影响

视觉运动跟踪运动是日常生活中常见且必不可少的行为。然而，当前的研究还没有很好地理解未来信息对视觉运动跟踪性能的贡献。在这项研究中，比较了有和没有未来轨迹的视觉运动跟踪性能。同时，设计了三个任务需求来调查它们的影响。招募了 18 名健康的年轻参与者，并指示他们通过伸展/弯曲肘关节来跟踪屏幕上的目标。记录二头肌和三头肌的运动学信号（肘关节角度）和表面肌电（EMG）信号。计算了联合轨迹的归一化积分加加速度 (NIJ) 和模糊近似熵 (fApEn)，以及 EMG 信号的多尺度模糊近似熵 (MSfApEn) 值。因此，具有未来轨迹的 NIJ 值显着低于没有未来轨迹的 NIJ 值（p 值 < 0.01）。具有未来轨迹的更平滑的运动可能与越来越依赖前馈控制有关。当任务需求增加时，关节轨迹的 fApEn 值显着增加，EMG 信号的 MSfApEn 也显着增加（p 值 < 0.05）。这些发现通过未来的信息丰富了我们对视觉运动控制的理解。以及 EMG 信号的 MSfApEn（p 值 < 0.05）。这些发现通过未来的信息丰富了我们对视觉运动控制的理解。以及 EMG 信号的 MSfApEn（p 值 < 0.05）。这些发现通过未来的信息丰富了我们对视觉运动控制的理解。