ABSTRACT

Objective

As empathy is an important predictor of both bullying and defending behavior, many anti-bullying interventions aim to increase empathy among students. However, little is known on whether these interventions enhance both affective and cognitive empathy, and whether some students are more responsive than others to empathy-raising efforts. This study examined the effects of the Finnish anti-bullying program KiVa on changes in self-reported affective and cognitive empathy and tested whether these effects varied depending on students’ gender, initial levels of empathy, peer-reported bullying, and peer-perceived popularity, as well as school type (primary versus secondary school) and classroom bullying norms.

Method

Multilevel structural equation modeling analyses were conducted on pretest and posttest (1 year later) data from a sample of 15,403 children and adolescents (Mage = 13.4; 51.5% girls) in 399 control and 462 intervention classrooms from 140 schools participating in the evaluation of KiVa in 2007–2009.

Results

KiVa had a positive effect on affective empathy, but not cognitive empathy. The effects of the program on both types of empathy did not depend on students’ gender, initial levels of empathy, bullying, or popularity, nor on school type or classroom bullying norms.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that KiVa can raise students’ affective empathy regardless of students’ gender, status, initial empathy, or levels of bullying, and regardless of school type or classroom bullying norms.

中文翻译：

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KiVa 反欺凌计划对儿童和青少年情感和认知移情的影响

摘要

客观的

由于同理心是欺凌和防御行为的重要预测因素，因此许多反欺凌干预措施旨在增加学生的同理心。然而，对于这些干预措施是否能同时增强情感和认知移情，以及一些学生是否比其他学生对提高移情的努力更敏感，我们知之甚少。本研究检验了芬兰反欺凌计划 KiVa 对自我报告的情感和认知同理心变化的影响，并测试这些影响是否因学生的性别、同理心的初始水平、同伴报告的欺凌行为和同伴感知的受欢迎程度而异，以及学校类型（小学与中学）和课堂欺凌规范。

方法

对来自 140 所学校的 399 个对照教室和 462 个干预教室的 15,403 名儿童和青少年（ M年龄 = 13.4；51.5% 的女孩）样本的前测和后测（1 年后）数据进行了多层次结构方程建模分析，参与评估2007-2009 年的 KiVa。

结果

KiVa 对情感移情有积极影响，但对认知移情没有积极影响。该计划对两种移情的影响不取决于学生的性别、移情的初始水平、欺凌或受欢迎程度，也不取决于学校类型或课堂欺凌规范。

结论

研究结果表明，无论学生的性别、地位、初始同理心或欺凌程度如何，无论学校类型或课堂欺凌规范如何，KiVa 都可以提高学生的情感同理心。