When the nanoparticles are incorporated into the base fluid, the resultant fluid is known as nanofluid. Nanofluids have higher thermal efficiency as compared to base fluid. Some fluids have poor thermal conductivity like, water, air and ethylene glycol and oil. Thus, the thermal efficiency of the work can be increased by inserting the nanoparticles into base fluid. Furthermore, the nanoparticles can be used to enhanced the cooling rate of the system due to higher thermal conductivity. In this investigation, the magnetohydodynamics convective flow phenomenon under the consideration of different nanofluids inside a triangular porous conduit will investigated. For the better understanding of heat transfer characteristics, the thermal radiation and heat generation (or absorption) will also incorporated. We will impose constant and variable temperature on the left inclined wall to analyze the heat transfer mechanism. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate will also be analyzed by considering different nanoparticles. The robust numerical scheme namely the finite element method has been selected to simulate the nonlinear complex flow equations based on iterative scheme. In this technique, at the first stage the penalty method is employed for the purpose of the elimination of pressure from the equations of motion. After that the developed the system in the absence of pressure term is solved. To simulate the problem the value of penalty parameter is chosen 10⁻⁷. The contours of stream function and temperature distribution are displayed for several values of physical parameters. Furthermore, the variations of important quantity known as an average heat transfer rate are displayed through bar charts. For constant heating case the aluminum nano particles are the best choice to enhance the heat transfer rate in the system. Moreover, the magnitude of the stream function rises against the radiation and Rayleigh number. Furthermore, the conduction mode of heat transfer is achieved via thermal radiation parameter. The applications of the given study can be found in various industrial processes like, cooling of electronic devices, cooling of house and commercial buildings, cooling of microelectronics, cancer therapy, vehicle thermal management, and heat exchangers.

中文翻译：

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辐射热通量和生热对热边界条件下多孔三角腔内纳米流体磁流体动力学自然对流的影响

当纳米颗粒掺入基础流体中时，所得流体被称为纳米流体。与基液相比，纳米流体具有更高的热效率。有些流体的导热性较差，例如水、空气、乙二醇和油。因此，通过将纳米粒子插入基液中可以提高工作的热效率。此外，由于更高的导热率，纳米颗粒可用于提高系统的冷却速率。在本研究中，将研究三角形多孔管道内不同纳米流体下的磁流体动力学对流现象。为了更好地理解传热特性，热辐射和热量产生（或吸收）也将被纳入其中。我们将在左侧斜壁上施加恒定和可变的温度来分析传热机理。此外，还将通过考虑不同的纳米粒子来分析传热速率。选择稳健的数值方案，即有限元法，对基于迭代方案的非线性复杂流动方程进行模拟。在该技术中，在第一阶段采用惩罚方法来消除运动方程中的压力。然后解决了所开发的系统在无压力项的情况下的问题。为了模拟该问题，选择惩罚参数的值10 ^-7。显示多个物理参数值的流函数和温度分布的等值线。此外，通过条形图显示被称为平均传热率的重要量的变化。对于持续加热的情况，铝纳米颗粒是提高系统传热率的最佳选择。此外，流函数的大小相对于辐射和瑞利数而增加。此外，传热的传导方式是通过热辐射参数来实现的。该研究的应用可以在各种工业过程中找到，例如电子设备的冷却、住宅和商业建筑的冷却、微电子的冷却、癌症治疗、车辆热管理和热交换器。