Bravo makes this claim in part by arguing that these 19thand early 20th-century adventurers had at least somewhat inherited a sense of the Pole’s importance from early modern cartographers such as Peter Apian of Saxony, who produced a series of popular maps in the early 16th century that depicted the North Pole holding the Earth and universe together. Indeed, Bravo’s second and third chapters contend that the North Pole played an important role in the European scientific revolution, during which powerful princes and merchants imagined and pictured the world as a globe and mapmakers like Apian gave Europeans a way to view their expanding world from the perspective of looking down over the Earth from above the Pole. These spherical, global models in turn existed thanks to the work of Ptolemy and other ancient Greek scholars, demonstrating that thinking about earthly polarity extends back thousands of years. In these early chapters, Bravo provides a particularly useful scholarly contribution, as much of the writing on outsider imaginings of the North Pole and the Arctic has tended to focus only on the most recent few centuries. Bravo’s North Pole is an excellent read for both students and for scholars looking for a concise introduction to the myriad histories surrounding this point on the globe. However, even specialized Arctic historians and historical geographers will find new material and fresh insights in its pages.

中文翻译：

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书评：非代表性理论与创意艺术

布拉沃之所以提出这一主张，部分原因是，这些19世纪和20世纪初的冒险家至少在某种程度上继承了早期现代制图师的认知，例如萨克森州的彼得·阿皮安（Peter Apian），后者在16世纪初制作了一系列受欢迎的地图描绘了北极将地球和宇宙保持在一起的状态。的确，布拉沃（Bravo）的第二章和第三章认为，北极在欧洲科学革命中发挥了重要作用，在此期间，强大的王子和商人将世界想象成一个地球，而像Apian这样的制图者则为欧洲人提供了一种从广阔的视角看待他们不断扩大的世界的方法从极点俯视地球的角度。由于托勒密和其他古希腊学者的努力，这些球形的全球模型又得以存在，证明关于地球极性的思考可以追溯到数千年前。在这些早期的章节中，Bravo提供了特别有用的学术贡献，因为有关北极和北极的局外人想象的大部分著作都只集中于最近几个世纪。布拉沃的《北极》是学生和学者的理想读物，他们希望简要介绍一下围绕这一点的无数历史。但是，即使是专门的北极历史学家和历史地理学家也会在其页面中找到新的材料和新鲜见解。由于有关北极和北极的局外人想象的著作大部分都只集中于最近几个世纪。布拉沃的《北极》是学生和学者的理想读物，他们希望简要介绍一下围绕这一点的无数历史。但是，即使是专门的北极历史学家和历史地理学家也会在其页面中找到新的材料和新鲜见解。由于有关北极和北极的局外人想象的著作大部分都只集中于最近几个世纪。布拉沃的《北极》是学生和学者的理想读物，他们希望简要介绍一下围绕这一点的无数历史。但是，即使是专门的北极历史学家和历史地理学家也会在其页面中找到新的材料和新鲜见解。