Traditional planning for urban transportation usually assumes a given or calculated split between motorized individual transport and public transportation. However, app-based services and ridesharing in the field of mobility on demand (MoD) create an intermediate mode of transport, whose long-term role in the urban mobility landscape and within public transport systems is not fully understood as of today. If the public transport industry wants to capture the opportunities these new services offer and mitigate the risks that come with them, planning tools for integrated intermodal networks are indispensable. In this work, we develop a strategic network planning optimization model for bus lines that allows for intermodal trips with MoD as a first or last leg. For an existing public transport network, we decide simultaneously on the use of existing lines and segments in the future fixed-route network, on areas of the city where an integrated MoD service should be offered, on how MoD interacts with the fixed route network via transfer points, and on passenger routes. The objective is the optimization of the financial performance of the resulting network, including the additional demand and revenues induced by enhanced network coverage. The model provides several options for modeling MoD costs, which allows for linking with operational models such as dial-a-ride. Moreover, our model considers a range of additional important strategic decisions like subsidies for a potential private sector operator of MoD services and the interplay between the demand for public transport and the role of MoD. We develop a path-based formulation of the problem and a branch-and-price algorithm as well as an enhanced enumeration-based approach to solve real-world instances to proven optimality. The model is tested on instances generated with the help of real-world data from a medium-sized German city that currently operates around 20 bus lines.

中文翻译：

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整合按需出行和城市公交网络的战略规划

传统的城市交通规划通常假设机动个人交通和公共交通之间存在给定或计算的划分。然而，基于应用程序的服务和按需出行（MoD）领域中的乘车共享创建了一种中间的交通方式，到今天为止，其在城市出行环境和公共交通系统中的长期作用尚不完全清楚。如果公共交通行业想抓住这些新服务提供的机会并减轻它们带来的风险，那么用于集成多式联运网络的规划工具必不可少。在这项工作中，我们开发了用于公交线路的战略性网络规划优化模型，该模型允许以MoD作为第一站或最后一站的联运旅行。对于现有的公共交通网络，我们同时决定在未来的固定路线网络中使用现有线路和路段，在应提供集成MoD服务的城市区域，MoD如何通过转接点与固定路线网络进行交互以及在乘客路线上做出决定。目的是优化最终网络的财务绩效，包括由扩大的网络覆盖范围带来的额外需求和收入。该模型提供了几种用于对MoD成本进行建模的选项，从而可以与诸如Dial-a-ride的运营模型链接。此外，我们的模型还考虑了一系列其他重要的战略决策，例如，对潜在的私营部门MoD服务运营商的补贴，以及公共交通需求与MoD作用之间的相互作用。我们开发了基于问题的路径表示法和分支价格算法，以及基于枚举的增强方法来解决现实世界中的实例达到公认的最优性。该模型已在实例中进行了测试，这些实例是借助来自德国中型城市的现实世界数据生成的，该城市目前运营约20条公交线路。