OnMay 6, 1968, Parisians observed a remarkable occurrence on the Boulevard St. Germain: a street fight. After a tumultuous police charge, students pried up cobblestones and hurled them at police and gendarmes; the forces of order responded by using a massive number of chemical grenades. The events of that day prefigured the broader practice of the “maintenance of order” during the student revolt and worker strikes of May and June 1968; as insurgent tactics rendered baton charges ineffective and photographers, journalists, and critics singled out direct contact and brutality as instances of intolerable state violence, the security forces prioritized the use of grenades. In the course of the 1968 events and the ensuing decade, the French state institutionalized chemical and explosive bombardment as the main procedure for the dispersion of allegedly hostile demonstrators. Why did the culture and techniques of public order operations shift around 1968, and what can that shift reveal about connections between styles of protest, representations of legitimate and illegitimate force, and police violence? Rather than inquiring into the practice of state violence, historians of the May and June 1968 events have tended to reiterate the justifications of officials or the accusations of critics, emphasizing that the French state avoided a massacre or reviving contemporary assertions that harsh police tactics were at fault for the student revolt. Althoughmuch ink has been spilled over the significance ofMay 1968, less has beenwritten about its implications for the operations of the state during demonstrations; meanwhile, considerable imprecision still prevails about the material practices that inflicted suffering and insecurity on 1968 protestors. This

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超越马特拉克：国家暴力及其在 1968 年巴黎事件中的表现

1968 年 5 月 6 日，巴黎人在圣日耳曼大道上目睹了一场非凡的事件：街头斗殴。在一场骚乱的警察指控之后，学生们撬起鹅卵石并将它们扔向警察和宪兵；秩序部队使用大量化学手榴弹作出回应。那天的事件预示着 1968 年 5 月和 6 月的学生起义和工人罢工期间“维持秩序”的更广泛实践；由于叛乱战术使警棍起搏无效，摄影师、记者和评论家将直接接触和暴行列为国家无法容忍的暴力事件，安全部队优先使用手榴弹。在 1968 年的事件和随后的十年中，法国政府将化学和爆炸物轰炸制度化，作为驱散据称敌对示威者的主要程序。为什么公共秩序运作的文化和技术会在 1968 年左右发生变化，这种变化可以揭示抗议方式、合法和非法力量的表现以及警察暴力之间的联系？1968 年 5 月和 6 月事件的历史学家没有探究国家暴力的做法，而是倾向于重申官员的理由或批评者的指控，强调法国政府避免了大屠杀或恢复当代断言，即严厉的警察策略在学生起义的过错。尽管 1968 年 5 月的意义已经被喷了很多，关于它对示威期间国家运作的影响的报道较少；与此同时，对 1968 年抗议者造成痛苦和不安全感的物质做法仍然相当不准确。这