In June 1994 the US Library of Congress announced a forthcoming exhibition, Sigmund Freud: Culture and Conflict, to be opened in two years. It would include documents and memorabilia from Freud’s life and work, examples of his cultural influence, and appraisals of psychoanalysis as theory and therapy. The idea had been proposed by Harold Blum, a psychoanalyst and the new executive director of the Sigmund FreudArchives held in the library. He and James Billington, the Librarian of Congress, saw the exhibition as an opportunity to showcase the archives’ extensive holdings of Freudiana, but, as Blum suggested to his fellow analysts, its timing was also propitious for psychoanalysis. The exhibition comes, he told them, “at a time when psychoanalysis is so challenged and when we have so much Freud-denigration and [see] throughout the world the devaluation of psychoanalysis.” In effect, the exhibition would give psychoanalysis the imprimatur of the US government. Freud’s portrait would be hung in the great rotunda of the library, “where so many of our presidents’ portraits have also been placed.” On his own assessment of the contemporary status of psychoanalysis, Blum might have anticipated what came next. Since the early 1970s a mounting tide of research and criticism had raised serious questions about Freud’s character, research methods, and veracity, as well as about the scientific validity and therapeutic efficacy of psychoanalysis. In response to the library’s announcement, a leading Freud critic, Peter J. Swales, a dogged independent researcher and selfproclaimed provocateur, gathered forty-two signatures (later fifty) on a petition insisting, among other demands, that the exhibit include “the full spectrum of

中文翻译：

---

弗洛伊德的三张脸

1994 年 6 月，美国国会图书馆宣布即将举办的展览《西格蒙德·弗洛伊德：文化与冲突》将在两年内开幕。它将包括弗洛伊德生活和工作中的文件和纪念品、他的文化影响的例子以及对精神分析作为理论和治疗的评估。这个想法是由哈罗德·布鲁姆 (Harold Blum) 提出的，他是一位精神分析师，也是图书馆里的西格蒙德·弗洛伊德档案馆的新执行董事。他和国会图书馆馆长詹姆斯·比灵顿 (James Billington) 将这次展览视为展示档案馆中广泛收藏的弗洛伊德纳 (Freudiana) 的机会，但正如布鲁姆 (Blum) 向其他分析师建议的那样，其时机也有利于精神分析。展览来了，他告诉他们，“在精神分析如此受到挑战的时候，当我们有如此多的弗洛伊德诋毁和[看到]全世界精神分析的贬值时。” 实际上，该展览将使精神分析获得美国政府的认可。弗洛伊德的肖像将挂在图书馆的大圆形大厅里，“我们许多总统的肖像也被放置在那里。” 根据他自己对当代精神分析现状的评估，布鲁姆可能已经预料到接下来会发生什么。自 1970 年代初以来，越来越多的研究和批评浪潮对弗洛伊德的性格、研究方法和真实性以及精神分析的科学有效性和治疗功效提出了严重质疑。作为对图书馆公告的回应，弗洛伊德的主要评论家 Peter J. Swales，