The First World War saw a dramatic increase in the involvement of civilians in the conflict, the introduction of new ways of managing people and populations, and a recasting of the relationship between the individual and the state. It also profoundly reshaped the rights of noncitizens. In particular, it called into question their right to move freely and to enjoy protection under international law, heightened their vulnerability, and increased their exposure to policies of discrimination, expulsion, deportation, internment, and forced migration. Expulsion of migrants and their transformation into illegal aliens had already emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century as crucial tools in the statedriven redefinition of inclusion and exclusion. The war and the Russian Rev-

中文翻译：

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动荡时期的主体、公民和外星人：第一次世界大战期间欧洲的自然化和非自然化

第一次世界大战期间，平民参与冲突的人数急剧增加，管理人员和人口的新方法的引入以及个人与国家之间关系的重塑。它还深刻地重塑了非公民的权利。特别是，它质疑他们自由迁徙和享受国际法保护的权利，加剧了他们的脆弱性，并增加了他们遭受歧视、驱逐、驱逐、拘留和强迫移民政策的风险。驱逐移民和将他们转变为非法外国人在 20 世纪初已经成为国家驱动重新定义包容和排斥的重要工具。战争和俄罗斯革命