The observant and even the not so observant do not need a Google Ngram to note that “transnationalism” has become a favorite scholarly term in the last couple of decades. The term may be traced back to the nineteenth century and most poignantly to Randolph Bourne, who, in 1916, used it to defend immigrant America against the xenophobic naysayers. Political scientists Joseph S. Nye Jr. and Robert O. Keohane launched the term in their field in 1970. But since the early 1990s its popularity has jogged up the graph in contexts well beyond Bourne, international relations, and political science, as it has been used to describe everything from a critique of American exceptionalism to migration studies. The termmeansmany things to many people, from crossing physical borders to crossing intellectual ones. The study of international relations is having a comeback in a newlywrought form, and the histories of international nongovernmental organizations are getting new attention. Many use transnationalism (like global history) to argue that one cannot do history in one country. Others use it to seek the interor extranational in local contexts, the question then being whether to put the accent on the global, the local, or that unfortunate but evocative neol-

中文翻译：

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跨国主义的考验：并不像看起来那么容易

细心的甚至不那么细心的人都不需要 Google Ngram 来注意到“跨国主义”在过去几十年中已成为最受欢迎的学术术语。这个词可以追溯到 19 世纪，最令人痛心的是伦道夫·伯恩 (Randolph Bourne)，他在 1916 年用它来保护美国移民免受仇外反对者的侵害。政治学家 Joseph S. Nye Jr. 和 Robert O. Keohane 于 1970 年在他们的领域中推出了这个词。但自 1990 年代初以来，它的受欢迎程度已经在远远超出伯恩、国际关系和政治科学的背景下迅速上升，因为它已经被用来描述从对美国例外论的批判到移民研究的所有内容。这个术语对很多人来说意味着很多事情，从跨越物理边界到跨越智力边界。国际关系研究正在以新的形式卷土重来，国际非政府组织的历史也得到了新的关注。许多人使用跨国主义（如全球历史）来争辩说一个人不能在一个国家做历史。其他人用它来寻找当地语境中的内部或外部，问题是是否将重点放在全球、当地或不幸但令人回味的新事物上。