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After the Pipelines: Energy and the Flow of War in the Persian Gulf
South Atlantic Quarterly ( IF 1.763 ) Pub Date : 2017-04-01 , DOI: 10.1215/00382876-3829500
Toby Craig Jones

Energy’s mobility within and out of the Persian Gulf has been a structural feature of war over the last four decades in the Middle East. Since the 1970s, the region has been the epicenter of energy “crises” and struggles by various powers to control oil’s availability, its extraction, and how (or whether) it moves. American political-economic and military interests have been at the center of much of this so-called crisis. The convergence of Cold War anxieties, the uneven American approach to Israel’s occupation of Palestine, a surge of resource nationalism, revolution, and a commitment in Washington, DC, to militarizing access to and managing the “free flow” of oil helped produce an arc of almost constant war. Much of the region’s contemporary conflict is rooted in the rise of the supertanker and the post-pipeline flow of oil. In the last half of the twentieth century, ensuring the movement of energy in networks beyond the pipeline produced often unseen connections between oil and war. It is a history that began with the massive militarization of regional oil producers, including selling more than $25 billion in weapons to Iran and Saudi Arabia in the 1970s. Perceived failures in this period—revolution in Iran and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979— led to permanent, ongoing interventions (Jones 2012). Although claims about American militarism in the Middle East are often attributed to terrorism, rogue states, weapons of mass destruction, and geopolitical anxieties, the mostly unseen movements of energy, and efforts to secure them, are at the heart of war in the region. For critics (and even some supporters) of America’s wars in the Middle East, it is hardly controversial to assert that there is a relationship between

中文翻译:

管道之后:波斯湾的能源和战争流动

能源在波斯湾内外的流动性一直是中东过去 40 年战争的结构性特征。自 1970 年代以来,该地区一直是能源“危机”的中心,各个大国都在为控制石油的供应、开采以及如何(或是否)移动而进行的斗争。美国的政治经济和军事利益一直是这场所谓危机的核心。冷战焦虑的汇聚、美国对以色列占领巴勒斯坦的不平衡态度、资源民族主义的激增、革命以及华盛顿特区对军事化获取和管理石油“自由流动”的承诺帮助产生了一个弧线几乎不断的战争。该地区的大部分当代冲突都源于超级油轮的兴起和后管道的石油流动。在 20 世纪下半叶,确保能源在管道以外的网络中流动,在石油和战争之间产生了经常看不见的联系。这段历史始于地区石油生产商的大规模军事化,包括在 1970 年代向伊朗和沙特阿拉伯出售超过 250 亿美元的武器。这一时期的失败——伊朗革命和 1979 年苏联入侵阿富汗——导致了永久性的持续干预(Jones 2012)。尽管有关美国在中东的军国主义的主张常常被归咎于恐怖主义、流氓国家、大规模杀伤性武器和地缘政治焦虑,但大多数不为人知的能源流动以及为确保这些能源安全所做的努力,却是该地区战争的核心。对于美国中东战争的批评者(甚至一些支持者)来说,
更新日期:2017-04-01
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