A long-simmering moral panic over the presence of transgender people in sex-segregated public toilets has reached an acute state since the spring of 2015, as an unprecedented wave of mass culture visibility for trans* issues has intersected with recent court decisions guaranteeing trans* people access to gender-appropriate toilets. When we drafted this article in March 2016, only one state, South Dakota, had passed (but subsequently vetoed) a bill attempting to restrict gender-appropriate public toilet access for transgender people, although more than two dozen such bills had been introduced nationwide (Madhani 2016). Since then, North Carolina passed HB2, its notorious “bathroom bill”; the Obama administration issued new directives on genderappropriate access to toilets and locker rooms in public schools nationwide; twenty-one states have sued the federal government to block implementation of those directives, and the seemingly obscure issue of transgender public toilet access seems headed to the Supreme Court (Bidgood 2016). The current backlash against trans* people using public toilets that match their gender identity reflects a longer history of public toilets, which themselves date to early eighteenth-century Paris (Cavanagh 2010: 28), and registers social anxieties triggered by the threat of various marginalized groups entering into normative society. Previous debates were sparked by the introduction of the women’s room to accommodate female participation in the paid workforce, the fight to abolish “colored” bathrooms by the civil rights movement, the furor over “unisex” toilets that helped derail passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, the fear of contamination posed by gay men using public lavatories during the AIDS crisis, and pressure to make bathrooms accessible to the disabled. In each instance, the public restroom stages the

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停滞不前：性别中立的公共浴室

自 2015 年春季以来，对跨性别者出现在性别隔离的公共厕所中的长期酝酿的道德恐慌已达到严重状态，因为前所未有的跨性别问题的大众文化可见性浪潮与最近的法院判决相交，以保证跨性别*人们可以使用适合性别的厕所。当我们在 2016 年 3 月起草这篇文章时，只有南达科他州通过（但随后否决）了一项试图限制跨性别者使用适合性别的公共厕所的法案，尽管在全国范围内已经引入了两打以上的此类法案（马哈尼 2016）。此后，北卡罗来纳州通过了臭名昭著的“浴室法案”HB2；奥巴马政府针对全国公立学校的厕所和更衣室的性别问题发布了新指令；21 个州已起诉联邦政府阻止这些指令的实施，而看似不起眼的跨性别公共厕所问题似乎已提交至最高法院（Bidgood 2016）。当前对使用与其性别认同相匹配的公共厕所的跨性别者的强烈反对反映了公共厕所的悠久历史，公共厕所本身可以追溯到 18 世纪早期的巴黎（Cavanagh 2010：28），并记录了由各种边缘化威胁引发的社会焦虑群体进入规范社会。之前的辩论是由引入女性房间以容纳女性参与有偿劳动力、民权运动废除“有色”浴室的斗争、对“男女通用”厕所的愤怒导致平等权利修正案的通过而引发的, 对在艾滋病危机期间使用公共厕所的男同性恋造成的污染的恐惧，以及为残疾人提供厕所的压力。在每种情况下，公共卫生间都会安排