This study uses data from consecutive England and Wales censuses to examine the intragenerational economic mobility of individuals with different ethnicities, religions and genders between 1971 and 2011, over time and across cohorts. The findings suggest more downward and less upward mobility among Black Caribbean, Indian Sikh and Muslim people with Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani ethnicities, relative to white British groups, and more positive relative progress among Indian Hindu people, but also some variation in the experiences of social mobility between individuals even in the same ethnic groups. For some groups, those becoming adults or migrating to the UK since 1971 occupy an improved position compared with older or longer resident people, but this is not universal. Findings suggest that these persistent inequalities will only be effectively addressed with attention to the structural factors which disadvantage particular ethnic and religious groups, and the specific ways in which these affect women.

中文翻译：

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英格兰和威尔士代内经济流动的种族、宗教和性别差异

本研究使用来自连续英格兰和威尔士人口普查的数据来检查 1971 年至 2011 年期间不同种族、宗教和性别的个人随时间推移和跨队列的代内经济流动性。研究结果表明，与英国白人群体相比，加勒比黑人、印度锡克教和孟加拉、印度和巴基斯坦裔穆斯林人的向下流动性更大，向上流动性更小，印度印度教徒的相对进步更大，但也有一些变化。即使是同一族群的个体之间的社会流动。对于某些群体而言，自 1971 年以来成年或移居英国的人与年长或居住时间较长的人相比，地位有所提高，但这并不普遍。