Children's social and behavioral skills vary considerably by socioeconomic status (SES), race and/or ethnicity, and gender, yet it is unclear to what degree these differences are due to school or nonschool factors. We observe how gaps in social and behavioral skills change during school and nonschool (summer) periods from the start of kindergarten entry until the end of second grade in a recent and nationally representative sample of more than 16,000 children (the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 2010–11). We find that large gaps in social and behavioral skills exist at the start of kindergarten entry, and these gaps favor high-SES, white, and female children. Over the next three years, we observed that the gaps grow no faster when school is in than when school is out. In the case of social and behavioral skills, it appears that schools neither exacerbate inequality nor reduce it.

中文翻译：

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儿童社会/行为技能方面的社会经济，种族，种族和性别差距：他们在学校学习还是外出成长更快？

儿童的社交和行为技能因社会经济地位（SES），种族和/或种族和性别而异，但尚不清楚这些差异在多大程度上是由于学校或非学校因素造成的。我们观察了最近和全国代表性的16,000多名儿童（早期儿童纵向研究幼儿园班）中，从入学开始到二年级结束期间在学校和非学校​​（夏季）期间，社交和行为技能的差距如何变化2010-11年）。我们发现，在幼儿园入学之初，社交和行为技能存在很大差距，这些差距有利于高社会性别，白人和女童。在接下来的三年中，我们观察到，入学时的差距增长不会快于出校时的差距。在社交和行为技能方面，