Rising acceptance of mothers' labor force participation is often considered evidence of increased support for gender equality. This approach overlooks perceptions of appropriate behavior for men and gender dynamics within families. We use nationally representative data of 12th-grade students from Monitoring the Future surveys (1976 to 2014) to evaluate changes in youths' preferred division of labor arrangements. Over this period, contemporary young people exhibited greater openness to a variety of division of labor scenarios for their future selves as parents, although the husband-as-earner/wife-as-homemaker arrangement remained most desired. Using latent class analysis, we identify six configurations of gender attitudes: conventionalists, neotraditionalists, conventional realists, dual earners, intensive parents, and strong intensive parents. There are no gender egalitarian configurations—exhibiting equal support for both parents’ time at work and time at home. Our findings indicate researchers must distinguish between adoption of gender egalitarian principles and gender flexibility in dividing time at work and at home.

中文翻译：

---

性别灵活性，但不平等：年轻人的劳动分工偏好

人们普遍认为，越来越多的母亲参加劳动大军是对两性平等的支持增加的证据。这种方法忽视了对男性适当行为的看法以及家庭内部的性别动态。我们使用“监测未来”调查（1976年至2014年）中具有国家代表性的12年级学生的数据来评估青少年偏爱的劳动分工的变化。在此期间，尽管仍然最希望由丈夫作为劳动者/妻子作为家庭主妇，但当代年轻人对未来自己作为父母的各种劳动分工表现出更大的开放性。通过潜在类别分析，我们确定了性别态度的六种配置：传统主义者，新传统主义者，传统现实主义者，双重收入者，父母亲，和强壮的父母。没有性别均等的配置-为父母的上班时间和在家时间提供平等的支持。我们的发现表明，研究人员在区分工作时间和在家时间时必须区分采用性别平等原则和性别灵活性。