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Jewish Refugee Children in the Netherlands during World War II: Migration, Settlement, and Survival
Social Science History ( IF 0.954 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-28 , DOI: 10.1017/ssh.2019.27
Miriam Keesing , Peter Tammes , Andrew J. Simpkin

This study focuses on Jewish refugee children who fled the Third Reich after the Kristallnacht in November 1938 either using the so-called Kindertransport (Children’s Transport) or by crossing the border illegally. Many parents, desperate after the Kristallnacht, sent their children abroad alone. About 1,800 arrived in the Netherlands. While for some the Netherlands was an intermediate stop, many stayed. We use a mixed-method approach with the aim of providing a better understanding of the survival rates of refugee children using information from several sources. The qualitative research provides illustrative individual experiences of child refugees and facilitates the formulation of hypotheses of settlement trajectories on risks of deportation and being killed, which are then tested using a quantitative approach. Gathering information into a database allows us to estimate the risk associated the living situation and place in the Netherlands. Among 863 Kindertransport children staying in the Netherlands in July 1942, 74 percent were deported and of those deported 81 percent were killed. Differences in settlement trajectories resulted in different risks of deportation and death. Children living with family or relatives had a higher risk of being deported than those living with foster parents or in institutions. Children living with foster parents had a similar risk of deportation to those living in institutions. Changing household type did not alter risk of deportation, while moving places increased this risk. Children deported from foster parents’ households had an increased risk of death after deportation compared to those deported from institutions, indicating an enduring effect of household type.

中文翻译:

二战期间荷兰的犹太难民儿童:移民、定居和生存

这项研究的重点是在 1938 年 11 月水晶之夜之后逃离第三帝国的犹太难民儿童,他们要么使用所谓的 Kindertransport(儿童交通工具),要么非法越境。许多父母在水晶之夜之后绝望,只好把孩子单独送到国外。大约 1,800 人抵达荷兰。虽然对一些荷兰人来说是中途停留,但许多人留下了。我们使用混合方法,目的是利用来自多个来源的信息更好地了解难民儿童的存活率。定性研究提供了儿童难民的说明性个人经历,并有助于制定关于驱逐和被杀风险的定居轨迹假设,然后使用定量方法对其进行测试。将信息收集到数据库使我们能够估计与荷兰的生活状况和地点相关的风险。在 1942 年 7 月留在荷兰的 863 名 Kindertransport 儿童中,74% 被驱逐出境,其中 81% 被驱逐出境。定居轨迹的差异导致了不同的驱逐和死亡风险。与家人或亲戚一起生活的儿童被驱逐出境的风险高于与养父母或机构生活的儿童。与寄养父母一起生活的孩子与生活在机构中的孩子有类似的被驱逐出境的风险。改变家庭类型并没有改变被驱逐出境的风险,而搬家会增加这种风险。与被机构驱逐出境的儿童相比,被寄养父母家庭驱逐出境的儿童在被驱逐出境后死亡的风险增加,
更新日期:2019-08-28
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