Populism is on the rise: but to understand this phenomenon, we should first clearly conceptualize it and recognize that populism takes on different forms in various historical and political contexts. These “populisms” pose a threat to modern liberal democracy. As Poland and Hungary show, populists exclude entire swathes of society from the polity, and undermine the formal institutions and the informal norms of democracy.

中文翻译：

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全球民粹主义及其影响

民粹主义正在兴起：但要理解这一现象，我们首先应该对其进行清晰的概念化，并认识到民粹主义在不同的历史和政治背景下呈现出不同的形式。这些“民粹主义”对现代自由民主构成了威胁。正如波兰和匈牙利所表明的那样，民粹主义者将整个社会排除在政体之外，并破坏了正式的制度和民主的非正式规范。