From the perspective of the future development of the philosophy of time, Craig Callender’s truly excellent What Makes Time Special? is almost certainly the most important book to be published in decades. Ambitious, broad, and extremely erudite, the book provides as compelling an answer as seems possible, given the current state of science, to a question that he attributes to Carnap: Can we explain the “peculiarities of man’s experiences with respect to time” through a combined inquiry into the structure of time within our best physical theories and empirical psychology? This is a deeply important project. It is also a valuable corrective in a literature that has too long pursued theories of time that either recommend changes to physical theory based on intuitive (or, perhaps better, “folk”) conceptions of what time is like without first exploring the cognitive and psychological bases for those conceptions or else, as Callender argues in the penultimate chapter, wall themselves off from empirical science so thoroughly that they become explanatorily inert. The book has roughly three parts. The first part, consisting of chapters 1–5, sets up the primary tension of the book, which is what Callender calls the “two times” problem, in analogywith Eddington’s famous “two tables” problem. On the one hand, we havewhat Callender calls “manifest time,”which is time as we conceive of it in everyday life. Callender introduces manifest time in chapter 1, taking special care to separate various aspects of temporal language and culture that might be thought to influence how some people think of or talk about time from a small handful of features of temporal experience that he argues are universal and characteristic of manifest time. He isolates

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克雷格·卡伦德 (Craig Callender) 的《什么让时间特别？

从时间哲学的未来发展来看，Craig Callender 真正优秀的 What Makes Time Special？几乎可以肯定，这是几十年来出版的最重要的书。考虑到科学的当前状态，这本书雄心勃勃、内容广泛且博学多才，对他认为是卡尔纳普提出的问题提供了尽可能令人信服的答案：我们能否通过以下方式解释“人类经验在时间方面的特殊性”？在我们最好的物理理论和经验心理学中对时间结构的综合调查？这是一个非常重要的项目。在长期追求时间理论的文献中，这也是一个有价值的纠正，这些理论要么建议基于直觉（或者，也许更好，“民间”）关于时间是什么样子的概念，而没有首先探索这些概念的认知和心理基础，否则，正如卡伦德在倒数第二章中所说的那样，将自己与经验科学彻底隔离开来，以至于它们变得无法解释。本书大致分为三部分。第一部分由第 1-5 章组成，建立了本书的主要张力，这就是 Callender 所说的“两次”问题，类似于爱丁顿著名的“两张桌子”问题。一方面，我们拥有 Callender 所说的“显化时间”，也就是我们在日常生活中所设想的时间。Callender 在第 1 章中介绍了清单时间，特别注意将可能被认为影响某些人如何思考或谈论时间的时间语言和文化的各个方面与他认为具有普遍性和显化时间特征的一小部分时间体验特征分开。他隔离