In the early Middle Ages, while Byzantium was impoverished and Anatolian cities were evolving into fortified kastra , the Islamic Near East enjoyed an age of economic and demographic growth. Exploring the formation of sūq s and the rise of the Umayyad and early ‘Abbāsid states, this article argues that the Arab-Islamic aristocracy’s involvement in establishing sūq s reflected a desire to exert power and build legitimacy. Despite their physical resemblance to Late Roman and Sasanian bazaars, early Islamic sūq s functioned differently, and their specificity exemplifies an evolution of labour patterns from 700 to 950, in particular the social rise and increasing religious involvement of merchants. This article places the archaeological evidence in dialogue with the literary. Although the Islamic material is central, comparisons in the paths of trade and economic life between the Middle East and Western Europe provide ways to identify the divergences between East and West after the fall of Rome.

中文翻译：

---

伊斯兰早期的苏克政治

在中世纪早期，拜占庭处于贫困状态，安纳托利亚城市逐渐发展成坚固的喀斯特大街，而伊斯兰近东地区则经历了经济和人口增长的时代。在探讨苏克派的形成以及乌马耶德和早期阿巴斯德国家的崛起时，本文认为，阿拉伯伊斯兰贵族参与建立苏克派反映了人们施加权力和建立合法性的愿望。尽管它们与晚期罗马和萨萨尼亚集市在外观上相似，但早期的伊斯兰教苏克的功能却有所不同，其特殊性说明了从700到950年的劳动方式的演变，特别是社会的兴起和商人对宗教的参与不断增加。本文将考古证据与文学对话。尽管伊斯兰教的材料很重要，