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The Theory and Practice of Property in Premodern South Asia: Disparities and Convergences
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient ( IF 0.510 ) Pub Date : 2018-09-05 , DOI: 10.1163/15685209-12341471
Timothy Lubin 1
Affiliation  

This article reviews the main scholastic norms relevant to property and land rights in ancient and medieval India, and then surveys a range of inscriptions that illustrate the contours of land law in practice. The evidence suggests that India developed a sophisticated concept of landed property from earliest history, with conceptual tools and legal instruments to define the rights of owners vis-a-vis rulers, rival claimants, and holders of subordinate interests (such as tenants, cultivators, mortgagees, etc.). It further shows that although earlier inscriptions deployed those tools and instruments in a narrow range of transfers between rulers and Brahmins or other religious groups, subsequent periods provide evidence of an increasingly wider application, including gifts by non-elite donors, ordinary contractual land transfers, and resolution of property disputes. In some cases, the implication seems to be that the legal framework was more widespread in practice but generated durable records (in metal or stone) only for elite actors; in many cases, it seems likely that elite legal resources became more widely available over time. This survey also notes how documents bring to the fore aspects of property law—the role of councils and arbitrators in administering the law (rather than the king or his officers), or the use of documents to carve out special rights—that are less prominent in scholastic treatments such as Dharmaśāstra.

中文翻译:

南亚前现代的财产理论与实践:差距与趋同

本文回顾了古代和中世纪印度与财产和土地权有关的主要学术规范,然后调查了一系列铭文,这些铭文说明了实践中的土地法轮廓。证据表明,印度在最早的历史中就发展了一个复杂的土地财产概念,并使用概念性工具和法律手段来定义所有者相对于统治者,对立索偿人和从属利益持有人(例如租户,耕种者,抵押等)。它进一步表明,尽管较早的铭文在统治者与婆罗门或其他宗教团体之间的狭窄转移中使用了这些工具和工具,但随后的时期提供了越来越广泛的应用的证据,包括非贵族捐赠者的礼物,普通的合同土地转移,和解决财产纠纷。在某些情况下,这似乎意味着法律框架在实践中更为广泛,但仅为精英演员提供了持久的记录(以金属或石头制成);在许多情况下,随着时间的流逝,精英法律资源似乎变得越来越广泛。这项调查还指出,文件如何使物权法成为最重要的方面,即理事会和仲裁员在执行法律中的作用(而不是国王或其官员),或者如何使用文件来行使特殊权利,这些都不那么突出。在诸如Dharmaśāstra的经院治疗中。随着时间的流逝,精英法律资源似乎变得越来越广泛。这项调查还指出,文件如何使物权法成为最重要的方面,即理事会和仲裁员在执行法律中的作用(而不是国王或其官员),或者如何使用文件来行使特殊权利,这些都不那么突出。在诸如Dharmaśāstra的经院治疗中。随着时间的流逝,精英法律资源似乎变得越来越广泛。这项调查还指出,文件如何使物权法成为最重要的方面,即理事会和仲裁员在执行法律中的作用(而不是国王或其官员),或者如何使用文件来行使特殊权利,这些都不那么突出。在诸如Dharmaśāstra的经院治疗中。
更新日期:2018-09-05
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