This study investigates the extent to which the construction of national toll roads in the Jakarta–Bandung region in Indonesia induces the development of local road projects nearby. In doing so, we disentangle the direct and indirect supply effects by considering the year of construction and urban development, respectively. We formulate four binary logit models to examine the direct and indirect relationships between toll road construction and local road projects. The dataset comprises 94 road projects planned or carried out between 2004 and 2016. We conduct interviews with local officials in the Jakarta–Bandung area to obtain data on the projects’ decision-making processes. Our modelling results show that existing and planned toll roads induce the development of local road projects both directly and indirectly. Local road projects tend to be developed in anticipation of the opening of a toll road. The changes in residential area and population around the toll roads also induce local road construction.

中文翻译：

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收费公路建设对印度尼西亚当地道路项目的影响

这项研究调查了印度尼西亚雅加达-万隆地区的国家收费公路的建设在多大程度上促进了附近地方公路项目的发展。在此过程中，我们分别考虑了建筑年和城市发展年，从而弄清了直接和间接的供给效应。我们制定了四个二进制logit模型，以研究收费公路建设与当地道路项目之间的直接和间接关系。该数据集包含2004年至2016年之间计划或实施的94个公路项目。我们采访了雅加达-万隆地区的地方官员，以获取有关项目决策过程的数据。我们的建模结果表明，现有和计划中的收费公路直接或间接地引发了当地公路项目的发展。地方公路项目往往是在收费公路开通之前开发的。收费公路周围居民区和人口的变化也引发了当地的公路建设。