This article examines one of the most consequential legal–political models for the confiscation of private property in the twentieth century: the Trading with the Enemy Acts (TEAs). Two laws with this name were passed in Britain (1914) and the United States (1917), enabling the large-scale expropriation of ‘enemies’ and ‘aliens’. The extra-territorial application of these laws during the era of total war led to the globalization of its paradigm of expropriation in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. The TEAs made the administrative process of dispossession effective and profitable for liberal states. The US law was repurposed for domestic use during the New Deal, while its British counterpart played an unforeseen role during decolonization and the great partitions of the late 1940s, as the nascent nation-states of India, Pakistan, and Israel used it to constitute themselves as territorial and economic units by taking land and property from ‘evacuees’ and ‘absentees’. The article provides a short history of these four national cases in their international context and argues that the history of the TEAs shows that state-driven mass expropriation was much more common throughout the mid twentieth century than usually supposed; the ‘age of extremes’ was also in part an ‘age of expropriation’.

中文翻译：

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1914-49 年征用时代的敌对贸易法

本文探讨了 20 世纪没收私有财产的最重要的法律-政治模式之一：与敌贸易法 (TEA)。英国（1914 年）和美国（1917 年）通过了同名的两项法律，允许大规模征用“敌人”和“外星人”。这些法律在全面战争时期的域外适用导致其征用范式在拉丁美洲、亚洲和非洲的全球化。TEA 使剥夺自由的行政程序有效且有利可图。美国法律在新政期间被重新用于国内使用，而英国法律在非殖民化和 1940 年代后期的大分区期间发挥了意想不到的作用，如印度、巴基斯坦等新兴民族国家，以色列利用它从“撤离者”和“缺席者”手中夺取土地和财产，将自己构成领土和经济单位。本文简要介绍了这四个国家案例在其国际背景下的历史，并认为 TEA 的历史表明，在 20 世纪中叶，国家驱动的大规模征用比通常假设的要普遍得多。“极端时代”在一定程度上也是“剥夺时代”。