In this paper, we examine the extent to which wartime violence against civilians during the Korean War affects people's current attitudes toward South Korea and other involved countries. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach that compares the cohorts born before and after the war, we find that direct exposure to wartime violence induces negative perceptions regarding perpetrator countries. As many of the civilian massacres were committed by the South Korean armed forces, prewar cohorts living in violence-ridden areas during the war demonstrate significantly less pride in South Korea today. In contrast, postwar cohorts from those violent areas, who were exposed to intensive anti-communist campaigns and were incentivized to differentiate themselves from the victims, show significantly greater pride in South Korea, and greater hospitality toward the United States than toward North Korea, compared to prewar cohorts in the same areas and to the same cohorts born in non-violent areas.

中文翻译：

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朝鲜战争期间针对平民的暴力未探索的后果

在本文中，我们研究了朝鲜战争期间针对平民的战时暴力在多大程度上影响了人们当前对韩国和其他相关国家的态度。使用差异差异 (DID) 方法比较战前和战后出生的群体，我们发现直接接触战时暴力会导致对施暴国的负面看法。由于许多平民大屠杀是由韩国武装部队实施的，战前生活在战争期间暴力猖獗地区的同伙对今天的韩国表现出的自豪感明显下降。相比之下，来自那些暴力地区的战后同伙，他们受到了激烈的反共运动的影响，并被激励与受害者区分开来，他们对韩国表现出更大的自豪感，