ABSTRACT Until the outbreak of World War I, vagrants and beggars were depicted as a group lacking the basic elements of morality, which the national elite considered its own identity-maker. Unwillingness to work, filth, drunkenness, ignorance, and contagious diseases were depicted as the visible features of moral indignity. Their condition remained redeemable through educational tools. In postwar Lithuania, the overall characterization of vagrants and beggars remained unchanged. Nevertheless, their sanitary stigmatization and the concept of heritability of social ‘diseases’ became dominant, making isolation and disciplining the only tools to protect the ‘healthy’ organism of society from social contagion.

中文翻译：

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懒惰还是有病？19 世纪末至 1940 年立陶宛话语中乞丐和流浪者概念的变化

摘要在第一次世界大战爆发之前，流浪者和乞丐被描述为一个缺乏道德基本要素的群体，国家精英认为这是自己的身份制造者。不愿工作、肮脏、酗酒、无知和传染病被描绘为道德侮辱的明显特征。他们的状况仍然可以通过教育工具赎回。在战后的立陶宛，流浪者和乞丐的总体特征保持不变。然而，他们的卫生污名和社会“疾病”的遗传性概念成为主流，使隔离和纪律成为保护社会“健康”有机体免受社会传染的唯一工具。