The European economic crisis has stimulated a great deal of research linking contextual macroeconomic conditions and political outputs, as conventional and unconventional political participation. Nevertheless, such research has often treated forms of political participation as independent from each other, overlooking how citizens can choose from combinations of political actions to influence politics in contexts with varying levels of macroeconomic performance. This article, instead, focuses on two common forms of participation – voting and protesting – and studies whether engagement in “repertoires” of participation – the “disengaged” (abstaining and not protesting), the “duty-based” (voting and not protesting), the “protest” (abstaining and protesting), and the “all-round” (voting and protesting) repertoires – varies according to countries’ macroeconomic conditions in Europe in 30 countries over time. This article also considers that the effect of macroeconomic conditions on repertoires of participation might depend on citizens’ socioeconomic resources – such as education, employment status, and income – with consequences for participation gaps or inequalities. Using multilevel models and data from seven rounds of the European Social Survey, this article shows that in contexts where macroeconomic conditions are worse, the probability of engaging in the “protest” repertoire increases, while the probability of engaging in the other three repertoires does not depend on the economy. In addition, the article finds that participation gaps narrow in the “disengaged” and “duty-based” repertoires in contexts with poorer macroeconomic performance, while the gaps in the “protest” and “all-round” repertoires do not change across contexts with different economic conditions.

中文翻译：

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政治参与曲目：欧洲的宏观经济条件、社会经济资源和参与差距

欧洲经济危机激发了大量研究，将背景宏观经济条件和政治产出联系起来，作为传统和非常规的政治参与。然而，此类研究往往将政治参与的形式视为相互独立的，忽略了公民如何从政治行动的组合中进行选择，以在不同宏观经济表现水平的背景下影响政治。相反，本文侧重于两种常见的参与形式——投票和抗议——并研究是否参与参与的“曲目”——“脱离”（弃权和不抗议）、“基于职责的”（投票和不抗议） ），“抗议”（弃权和抗议），以及“全方位”（投票和抗议）曲目——随着时间的推移，欧洲 30 个国家的宏观经济状况各不相同。本文还认为宏观经济条件对参与的影响可能取决于公民的社会经济资源——如教育、就业状况和收入——对参与差距或不平等的影响。本文利用多层次模型和七轮欧洲社会调查的数据表明，在宏观经济状况更差的背景下，参与“抗议”剧目的概率增加，而参与其他三个剧目的概率没有取决于经济。此外，