This paper examines effects of the U.S. Immigration Act of 1990 on STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) degree completion and labor market outcomes for native-born Americans. The Act increased the in-flow and stock of foreign STEM workers in the U.S., both by increasing green card allotments and by expanding temporary work visas via the H-1B visa program. These policy changes potentially altered the relative desirability of various college majors and occupations for natives. We examine effects of the policy on STEM degree completion, STEM occupational choice, and employment rates separately for black and white males and females. We identify the effects using variation in natives' exposure to foreign STEM workers and the geographic dispersion in foreign-born STEM workers in 1980, which precedes the Act and predicts future foreign STEM flows. We find that the Immigration Act changed natives' skill investment and utilization in three ways: (1) it pushed black males out of STEM majors; (2) it pushed white male STEM graduates out of STEM occupations; and (3) it pushed white female STEM graduates out of the workforce.

中文翻译：

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外国人会将土著人挤出STEM学位和职业吗？1990年《美国移民法》的证据

本文研究了1990年《美国移民法》对本地出生美国人的STEM（科学，技术，工程和数学）学位完成率和劳动力市场成果的影响。该法案通过增加绿卡分配和通过H-1B签证计划扩大临时工作签证，增加了在美国的外国STEM工人的流入和库存。这些政策变化可能会改变各种大学专业和本地人对职业的相对渴望。我们分别研究了该政策对黑白男女的STEM学位完成率，STEM职业选择和就业率的影响。我们通过使用本地人对外国STEM工人的接触变化以及1980年外国出生的STEM工人的地域分布来确定影响，该法案之前的法案，并预测未来的外国STEM流量。我们发现《移民法》通过三种方式改变了当地人的技能投资和利用：（1）它将黑人男性从STEM专业中挤出。（2）将白人男性STEM毕业生赶出STEM职业；（3）将白人女性STEM毕业生赶出了工作岗位。