Research has shown that female offenders typically receive differential treatment in the criminal justice system in comparison to their male counterparts, even for extreme crimes like murder. This study compares the criminal sentences of 300 homicide offenders who killed at least two victims with a single co-offender (150 pairs) within their dyads using the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) to determine if gender has an effect on leniency for even the most extreme crimes. Women were less likely to receive the harshest possible punishment, regardless of their partner’s gender. These findings provide support for the female leniency effect, suggesting that gender bias continues to influence sentencing decisions for homicide.

中文翻译：

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致死女士的宽大处理：使用演员-伙伴相互依存模型检查基于性别的量刑差异

研究表明，与男性男性相比，女性罪犯通常在刑事司法系统中受到区别对待，即使是诸如谋杀之类的极端犯罪也是如此。这项研究比较了300名凶杀罪犯的刑事判决，他们使用行为者-伴侣相互依存模型（APIM）确定了两性中有一名同罪犯（150对）中的至少一名同罪犯（150对），以确定性别是否甚至对宽大处理有影响最极端的罪行。不论伴侣的性别如何，妇女都不太可能受到最严厉的惩罚。这些发现为女性宽大处理的结果提供了支持，表明性别偏见继续影响着对凶杀的判决。