This article argues that the foundational separation between psychoanalysis and experimental psychology was challenged in important ways by psychoanalytic infant researchers. Through a close examination of American psychoanalyst René Spitz (1887–1974), it extends John Forrester’s conception of reasoning in cases outside classic psychoanalytic practices. Specifically, the article interrogates the foundations of reasoning in cases—the individual, language, and the doctor–patient relationship—to show how these are reimagined in relation to the structures of American developmental psychology. The article argues that the staunch separation of experimental psychology and psychoanalysis, reiterated by philosophers and historians of psychology, is flimsy at best—and, conversely, that the maintenance of these boundaries enabled the production of a cinematic case study. Spitz created films that used little language and took place outside the consulting room with institutionalized infants. Yet key aspects of the psychoanalytic case, as put forth by John Forrester, were depicted visually. These visual displays of transference, failure, and interpersonal emotions highlight the foundations of what Forrester means by reasoning in cases. The article concludes that Spitz failed at creating classic psychoanalytic evidence, but in so doing stretched the epistemology of the case.

中文翻译：

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案例推理的边界：René Spitz 的视觉精神分析

本文认为精神分析和实验心理学之间的基本分离受到了精神分析婴儿研究人员的重大挑战。通过对美国精神分析师 René Spitz (1887–1974) 的仔细研究，它扩展了约翰·福雷斯特 (John Forrester) 在经典精神分析实践之外的案例中的推理概念。具体而言，本文探讨了案例推理的基础——个人、语言和医患关系——以展示如何根据美国发展心理学的结构重新构想这些基础。这篇文章认为，哲学家和心理学史家重申，实验心理学和精神分析的严格分离充其量是站不住脚的——相反，这些边界的维护使电影案例研究的产生成为可能。斯皮茨创作的电影使用很少的语言，并在咨询室外与机构化的婴儿一起拍摄。然而，正如约翰·福雷斯特 (John Forrester) 所提出的，精神分析案例的关键方面是通过视觉描绘的。这些移情、失败和人际情感的视觉展示突出了 Forrester 案例推理的含义。文章的结论是斯皮茨未能创造经典的精神分析证据，但这样做扩展了案例的认识论。这些移情、失败和人际情感的视觉展示突出了 Forrester 案例推理的含义。文章的结论是斯皮茨未能创造经典的精神分析证据，但这样做扩展了案例的认识论。这些移情、失败和人际情感的视觉展示突出了 Forrester 案例推理的含义。文章的结论是斯皮茨未能创造经典的精神分析证据，但这样做扩展了案例的认识论。