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Debt Imprisonment and the City
History Workshop Journal ( IF 1.109 ) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 , DOI: 10.1093/hwj/dbz018
Rachel Weil 1
Affiliation  

When the Cornish recusant gentleman Francis Tregian the Younger entered the Fleet debtors’ prison during the early seventeenth century, he being ‘desirous of more ease than ordinary’ persuaded the warden to let him lodge in ‘one of the fairest chambers in the Fleet and to have three other rooms next adjoining to the same for the sole use of himself and his retinue’. For five years he lived in there with his two sisters and his and their attendants, converting some of the space to ‘a library of eleven hundred books and for stowing many wind instruments chests of viols lutes and other musick for the recreation of the said Francis, his friends and familiars’. Just over one hundred years later another musician, John Baptist Grano, found himself confined in the Marshalsea debtors’ prison. Though he did write some music, multiple chambers for a single prisoner were not an option. The Marshalsea was at the less classy end of the spectrum of debtors’ prisons. The Fleet was the designated prison for those who owed large debts to the Crown, which meant it held wealthy gentlemen (particularly wealthy recusants). By contrast, prisoners were committed to the Marshalsea by the Marshalsea and Palace Courts, which had jurisdiction over cases involving only small sums; the plaintiffs and defendants alike were poorer. Whereas wealthier debtors confined to the Fleet and King’s Bench prisons could, for a price, dwell in the ‘rules’ of the prison, an area outside the prison’s physical walls that was still considered to be part of the prison, Marshalsea prisoners had no such opportunity. Any Marshalsea prisoner who could afford to do so quickly obtained a writ of habeas corpus to have himself or herself moved to the Fleet or the King’s Bench. Conversely, the Marshalsea was (along with Newgate) a place to which a warden of another prison might transfer a troublesome prisoner as a punishment. The punitive edge to Marshalsea confinement was perhaps underlined by the fact that, as in the case of Newgate, the debtors there occasionally shared space with criminals awaiting trial or punishment. When the old Surrey county gaol at the White Lyon fell into disrepair the felons were placed in the Marshalsea. The Admiralty, too, used the Marshalsea to detain prisoners accused of crimes at sea, including pirates.

中文翻译:

债务监禁与城市

康沃尔的绅士弗朗西斯·特雷吉安(Francis Tregian)在十七世纪初进入舰队债务人监狱时,他“比平常更轻松”,说服了监狱长让他住在“舰队中最美丽的牢房之一中,接下来还有三个与之相邻的房间,仅供他自己和他的re生使用。五年来,他与他的两个姐妹以及他的同伴和他们的服务员一起住在那儿,将一些空间变成了“一千一百本书的图书馆,并收藏了许多管乐器,小提琴笛子和其他音乐,以娱乐弗朗西斯” ,他的朋友和熟人”。一百多年后,另一位音乐家约翰·巴蒂斯特·格兰诺(John Baptist Grano)发现自己被限制在元帅债务人的监狱中。尽管他确实写了一些音乐,不能为一个囚犯设置多个房间。元帅在债务人监狱中处于劣等地位。舰队被指定为那些欠王室巨额债务的监狱,这意味着它拥有富有的绅士(尤其是富有的追随者)。相比之下,元帅和宫廷法院将囚犯押入元帅,后者仅对少量案件进行管辖;原告和被告都比较穷。仅限于舰队和国王长凳监狱的较富裕的债务人可以花高价钱住在监狱的“规则”中,该监狱的物理墙外的区域仍然被认为是监狱的一部分,而元帅囚犯则没有机会。任何能够负担得起的元帅囚犯都获得了人身保护令,可以将自己转移到舰队或国王长椅上。相反,法警(和纽盖特(Newgate)一起)是另一个监狱看守可能将麻烦的囚犯转移到处所的地方。象在纽盖特案中那样,那里的债务人偶尔与等待审判或惩罚的罪犯共享空间,这可能突显了对马歇尔禁闭的惩罚性优势。当怀特里昂的萨里郡旧监狱遭到破坏后,重罪犯被安置在元帅那里。金钟也利用马歇尔(Marshalsea)拘留被指控犯有海上罪行的囚犯,其中包括海盗。元帅和纽盖特(Newgate)一起是另一个监狱的看守可能将麻烦的囚犯转移到那里的地方。象在纽盖特案中那样,那里的债务人偶尔与等待审判或惩罚的罪犯共享空间,这可能突显了对马歇尔禁闭的惩罚性优势。当怀特里昂的萨里郡旧监狱遭到破坏后,重罪犯被安置在元帅那里。金钟也利用马歇尔(Marshalsea)拘留被指控犯有海上罪行的囚犯,其中包括海盗。元帅和纽盖特(Newgate)一起是另一个监狱的看守可能将麻烦的囚犯转移到那里的地方。象在纽盖特案中那样,那里的债务人偶尔与等待审判或惩罚的罪犯共享空间,这可能突显了对马歇尔禁闭的惩罚性优势。当怀特里昂的萨里郡旧监狱遭到破坏后,重罪犯被安置在元帅那里。金钟也利用马歇尔(Marshalsea)拘留被指控犯有海上罪行的囚犯,其中包括海盗。当怀特里昂的萨里郡旧监狱遭到破坏后,重罪犯被安置在元帅那里。金钟也利用马歇尔(Marshalsea)拘留被指控犯有海上罪行的囚犯,其中包括海盗。当怀特里昂的萨里郡旧监狱遭到破坏后,重罪犯被安置在元帅那里。金钟也利用马歇尔(Marshalsea)拘留被指控犯有海上罪行的囚犯,其中包括海盗。
更新日期:2019-01-01
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