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The Touch of the State: Stop and Search in England, c.1660–1750
History Workshop Journal ( IF 1.109 ) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 , DOI: 10.1093/hwj/dby034
Jonah Miller 1
Affiliation  

On the night of 24 August 1699, Jane Blair used a ‘false key’ to burgle her former master, Thomas Tooley, in the London parish of St Swithin’s. She took silk clothes, a few bits of crockery and some money, then made her escape. In the street shortly afterwards, she was stopped by a constable, who knew nothing of the robbery ‘but he mistrusting her, searched her, and found the false Key about her, and the rest of the Goods’. On trial, Blair ‘did not deny the Fact, saying, it was the first that ever she committed, and would throw her self upon the Mercy of the Bench; the Jury thereupon found her Guilty’. She was condemned and, after an unsuccessful attempt to convince a jury of matrons that she was pregnant, executed. Various people participated in the several stages of legal proceedings that ended in Blair’s death, but the initial trigger for that process was the officer’s decision, based on unexplained suspicions, to stop and search her. According to the author of a handbook for constables, ‘a thorough search of the [suspected] felon is of the utmost consequence to your own safety, and benefit of the public, as by this means he will be stripped of instruments of mischief, and evidence may probably be procured to convict him’. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, officers drew on the authority of the state to stop and search anyone they found suspicious. The state is not a tangible thing. In recent years, sociologists and political scientists have argued at length about the exact nature of its (non)existence. But this approach may be easier to sustain from the study than from the street. For those who experience stop and search, it might seem that while you cannot touch the state, the state can touch you. According to criminologists Leanne Weber and Benjamin Bowling, stop and search is ‘a visceral manifestation of coercive and intrusive power and the most publicly visible interaction between state agent and citizen’. It is a physical encounter between the bodies of officer and suspect in which the first wields state authority and the second is subjected to it. Its precise dynamics are determined by the nature of those bodies. Over the last fifty years in Britain and the United States, stop and search has been shaped by the touch of white officers on black suspects’ clothes and skin. In seventeenth and eighteenth-century England, this essay will argue, it was shaped by the male officer’s hands on the female body.

中文翻译:

国家的触动:英国的停停与搜寻,约1660年至1750年

1699年8月24日晚上,简·布莱尔(Jane Blair)在伦敦圣史威汀教堂(St Swithin's)的教区中,用“假钥匙”将她的前主人托马斯·Tooley入室盗窃。她拿起丝绸衣服,一些陶器和一些钱,然后逃脱了。此后不久,在街上,她被一名警员拦下,他对抢劫一无所知,“但他不信任她,搜查了她,发现了关于她和其他物品的假钥匙”。在审判中,布莱尔没有否认事实,她说,这是她有史以来第一次犯下的罪行,并将自己投向了替补席。陪审团随即认定她有罪。她遭到谴责,在试图说服陪审团陪审团失败之后,她被处决。各种各样的人都参与了以布莱尔之死而告终的法律诉讼的多个阶段,但此过程的最初触发因素是该军官基于无法解释的怀疑决定停止并搜寻她。根据《警员手册》的作者所说,“对[嫌疑犯]进行彻底的搜查对您自己的安全和公众利益具有最大的后果,因为这将使他被剥夺恶作剧的手段,并且可能会获得证据定罪他。在整个十七,十八世纪,军官利用国家权力制止并搜查他们发现的可疑人员。国家不是有形的东西。近年来,社会学家和政治学家就其(不)存在的确切性质进行了详尽的争论。但是,这种方法可能比街上的研究更容易接受。对于那些经历过停停和搜寻的人,似乎您无法触摸状态,但状态可以触摸您。根据犯罪学家Leanne Weber和Benjamin Bowling的说法,停止搜索是“强制性和侵入性的内在体现,是国家特工与公民之间最公开的互动”。这是军官和犯罪嫌疑人之间的肉体接触,前者行使国家权力,而后者则服从国家权力。它的精确动力学取决于这些物体的性质。在过去的五十年中,在英国和美国,白人警官在黑人嫌疑犯的衣服和皮肤上的摸摸已经形成了停止和搜查的状态。在十七世纪和十八世纪的英国,这篇论文将论证,它是由男性军官在女性身上的双手所塑造的。国家可以感动你。根据犯罪学家Leanne Weber和Benjamin Bowling的说法,停止搜索是“强制性和侵入性的内在体现,是国家特工与公民之间最公开的互动”。这是军官与嫌疑人尸体之间的肉体encounter碰,其中第一人行使国家权力,第二人受到国家权力。它的精确动力学取决于这些物体的性质。在过去的五十年中,在英国和美国,白人警官在黑人嫌疑犯的衣服和皮肤上的摸摸已经形成了停止和搜查的状态。在十七世纪和十八世纪的英国,这篇论文将论证,它是由男性军官在女性身上的双手所塑造的。国家可以感动你。根据犯罪学家Leanne Weber和Benjamin Bowling的说法,停止搜索是“强制性和侵入性的内在体现,是国家特工与公民之间最公开的互动”。这是军官与嫌疑人尸体之间的肉体encounter碰,其中第一人行使国家权力,第二人受到国家权力。它的精确动力学取决于这些物体的性质。在过去的五十年中,在英国和美国,白人警官在黑人嫌疑犯的衣服和皮肤上的触摸形成了停止和搜查的状态。在十七世纪和十八世纪的英国,这篇论文将论证,它是由男性军官在女性身上的双手所塑造的。停止和搜索是“强制性和侵入性的内在体现,也是国家行为者与公民之间最公开的互动”。这是军官与嫌疑人尸体之间的肉体encounter碰,其中第一人行使国家权力,第二人受到国家权力。它的精确动力学取决于这些物体的性质。在过去的五十年中,在英国和美国,白人警官在黑人嫌疑犯的衣服和皮肤上的摸摸已经形成了停止和搜查的状态。在十七世纪和十八世纪的英国,这篇论文将论证,它是由男性军官在女性身上的双手所塑造的。停止和搜索是“强制性和侵入性的内在体现,也是国家行为者与公民之间最公开的互动”。这是军官和犯罪嫌疑人之间的肉体接触,前者行使国家权力,而后者则服从国家权力。它的精确动力学取决于这些物体的性质。在过去的五十年中,在英国和美国,白人警官在黑人嫌疑犯的衣服和皮肤上的摸摸已经形成了停止和搜查的状态。在十七世纪和十八世纪的英国,这篇文章将论证,它是由男性军官在女性身上的双手所塑造的。这是军官与嫌疑人尸体之间的肉体encounter碰,其中第一人行使国家权力,第二人受到国家权力。它的精确动力学取决于这些物体的性质。在过去的五十年中,在英国和美国,白人警官在黑人嫌疑犯的衣服和皮肤上的摸摸已经形成了停止和搜查的状态。在十七世纪和十八世纪的英国,这篇论文将论证,它是由男性军官在女性身上的双手所塑造的。这是军官与嫌疑人尸体之间的肉体encounter碰,其中第一人行使国家权力,第二人受到国家权力。它的精确动力学取决于这些物体的性质。在过去的五十年中,在英国和美国,白人警官在黑人嫌疑犯的衣服和皮肤上的摸摸已经形成了停止和搜查的状态。在十七世纪和十八世纪的英国,这篇论文将论证,它是由男性军官在女性身上的双手所塑造的。
更新日期:2019-01-01
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