ABSTRACT Viewed as a stable democracy for much of the 2000s and early 2010s, Indonesia has in recent years been part of the global populist surge. In fact, national politics has been marked by competition between three rival populist streams: chauvinism, Islamism and technocratic developmentalism. This article discusses the conditions under which such a three-track populism could emerge in Indonesia. In identifying the drivers of populism, it points to the existence of a major religio-political cleavage, the framing of that cleavage in a narrative of economic inequality, the easy targeting of cultural minorities, and the collaboration of established parties. Drawing from survey data to substantiate its claims, the discussion demonstrates that populist attitudes are spread widely across the ideological landscape; that its intensity is highest at the extreme ends of Indonesia’s Islamist-pluralist spectrum; and that populist citizens are more concerned with purported threats to their identity than the kind of politico-economic hardship that much of the classic populism literature has focused on. Most importantly for Indonesian democracy, the three types of populism have interacted among each other, and with the non-populist political establishment, in a way that has severely undermined the quality of the democratic polity.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚的民粹主义和民主危机：沙文主义者、伊斯兰主义者和技术官僚

摘要 在 2000 年代和 2010 年代初期的大部分时间里，印度尼西亚被视为一个稳定的民主国家，近年来一直是全球民粹主义浪潮的一部分。事实上，国家政治的特点是三个对立的民粹主义流派之间的竞争：沙文主义、伊斯兰主义和技术官僚发展主义。本文讨论了印度尼西亚可能出现这种三轨民粹主义的条件。在确定民粹主义的驱动因素时，它指出存在重大的宗教政治裂痕、经济不平等叙事中的裂痕框架、文化少数群体的轻松目标以及既有政党的合作。讨论利用调查数据证实其主张，表明民粹主义态度在意识形态领域广泛传播；它的强度在印度尼西亚伊斯兰多元主义谱系的极端极端；并且民粹主义公民更关心所谓的对他们身份的威胁，而不是许多经典民粹主义文学所关注的那种政治经济困难。对印度尼西亚民主来说最重要的是，这三种民粹主义相互影响，并与非民粹主义政治机构相互作用，严重破坏了民主政体的质量。