ABSTRACT Sustaining ecosystem services (ES) is a key interest in the management of land use in multifunctional landscapes (i.e. ES that support ecosystem function and sustain human livelihoods). In making land management decisions, it is important to understand the relationships and spatial distributions of multiple ES, and the synergies and trade-offs between them. We analysed nine ES in a catchment in the Bay of Plenty region, New Zealand, to identify areas in the catchment are high (hotspots) and low (coldspots) in supplying multiple ES, the relationships among ES, and where ES trade-offs and synergies occur. We found ES hotspots occurred mainly in indigenous forest. Synergies occurred among provisioning services (milk and meat) and dis-service nitrogen leaching as well as synergies with carbon sequestration and wood supply. Trade-offs occurred between regulating services and a supporting service. We identified ES bundles (services that occur repeatedly together) of provisioning services and those associated with exotic forest. Spatial concurrences and relationships of different ES provide a way to optimise the supply of multiple ES. These results may be used to guide landscape management whereby spatial prioritisation can be used to conserve areas of high ES supply or bundles of ES.

中文翻译：

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新西兰丰盛湾多功能景观中的生态系统服务管理和空间优先排序

摘要可持续生态系统服务（ES）是多功能景观土地管理（即支持生态系统功能并维持人类生计的ES）中的一项主要利益。在制定土地管理决策时，重要的是要了解多个ES的关系和空间分布，以及它们之间的协同作用和权衡取舍。我们分析了新西兰丰盛湾地区一个流域中的9个ES，以确定该流域中提供多个ES的高（热点）和低（积雪）区域，ES之间的关系以及ES的权衡和发生协同作用。我们发现ES热点主要发生在原始森林中。配给服务（牛奶和肉类）和停用氮的淋溶以及与固碳和木材供应的协同作用之间产生了协同作用。在调节服务和支持服务之间进行了权衡。我们确定了预配置服务和与外来森林相关的ES捆绑包（重复出现的服务）。不同ES的空间并发性和关系为优化多个ES的供应提供了一种方法。这些结果可以用于指导景观管理，从而可以通过空间优先级划分来保护高ES供应或ES捆绑的区域。