This paper examines whether remittances from international migration impact on the occupational choice of left-behind youth in Kyrgyzstan. Labor supply is analyzed both at the extensive and intensive margins using cross-sectional data for 2011. To overcome endogeneity concerns, an instrumental variable approach was implemented. Findings demonstrate that migration, rather than remittances, pushes the left-behind youth to become unpaid family workers. This is explained by the substitution effect as the youth left behind are called upon to replace the migrant labor. Moreover, this effect is heterogeneous – female youth are more inclined to becoming unpaid family workers both at the extensive and intensive margins.

中文翻译：

---

留守青年的汇款和劳动力供给：来自吉尔吉斯斯坦的证据

本文考察了国际移民汇款是否对吉尔吉斯斯坦留守青年的职业选择产生影响。使用 2011 年的横截面数据分析了粗放边际和集约边际的劳动力供应。为了克服内生性问题，实施了工具变量方法。调查结果表明，移民而非汇款促使留守青年成为无偿家庭工人。这可以通过替代效应来解释，因为留守青年被要求取代农民工。此外，这种影响是异质的——女性青年更倾向于在广泛和密集的边缘成为无偿的家庭工人。