We propose a theory of “egalitarianism” as an active historical factor in contexts which have been traditionally considered structurally hostile to it, such as complex agrarian societies. First, we review thoroughly the main anthropological and sociological contributions to resistance against hierarchization in agrarian social contexts (taking into account peasant studies and a segmentary lineage’s tradition). Specific emphasis is placed on the forms of organizing production. Then we go through the archaeological landscape of the Iberian Northwestern Iron Age in order to evidence the viability of “assertive egalitarianism” where control of resources was distributed among social segments (households and settlements). We will show a historical process that diverges from what occurs at that time in hierarchical regions. By combining two levels of archaeological analysis (regional and local) we will conclude that a large part of the Iberian Northwest was occupied, from the 8th up to 2nd centuries BC by egalitarian social formations – with social exploitation absent – whose anti-hierarchization structures only crumbled upon the presence of Rome from the 2nd century BC onwards.

中文翻译：

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平等主义与抵抗：铁器时代西北伊比利亚考古学的理论建议

我们提出了一种“平等主义”理论，作为在传统上被视为对其结构有敌意的环境中的积极历史因素，例如复杂的农业社会。首先，我们彻底回顾了人类社会学在抵抗农业社会背景下的抵抗等级制度方面的主要贡献（考虑了农民研究和部分宗族的传统）。特别强调组织生产的形式。然后，我们考察了伊比利亚西北铁器时代的考古景观，以证明“主张平等主义”的可行性，在这种情况下，资源控制权分布在各个社会阶层（家庭和住区）中。我们将展示一个历史过程，该过程不同于当时在分层区域中发生的事情。