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Articulations of inferiority: From pre-colonial to post-colonial paternalism in tourism and development among the indigenous Bushmen of Southern Africa
History and Anthropology ( IF 0.752 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-09 , DOI: 10.1080/02757206.2020.1830387
Stasja Koot 1, 2
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT

In southern Africa, the indigenous Bushmen (San) have for long been positioned as an inferior group. First, in pre-colonial paternalist relationships that included slavery and several types of serfdom. Next, they had an inferior position under colonial paternalism (‘baasskap’) originating at white settler farms and last, they experience inferiority again in relation to the contemporary, mostly black, elites, including state officials. This paper addresses this historical pattern: through ethnographic results and examples from the literature it relates this process to contemporary post-colonial paternalist relations of various groups of Bushmen, particularly in tourism and development programmes. I argue that, despite dominant discourses about bottom-up approaches by the tourism industry, NGOs and the state, tourism and development also provide for a continuation of paternalist relations, in which articulations of inferiority come from ‘above’ and ‘below’, thereby often perpetuating Bushmen’s inferiority. Moreover, I suggest that this perpetuation is not confined to tourism and development only; an important discourse that underscores inferiority to a degree is the hegemonic global articulation of ‘indigeneity’, which subtly emphasises indigenous peoples’ inferiority.



中文翻译:

自卑的表达:从前殖民到后殖民的旅游和发展中南部非洲土著布须曼人的家长式作风

摘要

在南部非洲,土着布须曼人(San)长期以来一直被定位为劣等群体。首先,在包括奴隶制和几种农奴制在内的前殖民家长式关系中。其次,他们在殖民家长式统治下处于劣势地位(' baasskap')起源于白人定居者的农场,最后,他们再次体验到与包括国家官员在内的当代精英(主要是黑人)相比的自卑感。本文探讨了这一历史模式:通过民族志的结果和文献中的例子,它将这一过程与布须曼人各种群体的当代后殖民家长式关系联系起来,特别是在旅游和发展计划中。我认为,尽管关于旅游业、非政府组织和国家的自下而上方法的主流话语,旅游业和发展也提供了家长式关系的延续,在这种关系中,自卑来自“上面”和“下面”,从而经常延续布须曼人的自卑。此外,我认为这种延续不仅仅局限于旅游业和发展;

更新日期:2020-10-09
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